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The Mu'tazili scientist and philosopher al-Jahiz (c. 776–869) was the only known medieval Arab philosopher to write on topics related to natural selection. [50] [51] Al-Jahiz's ideas on the struggle for existence in the Book of Animals have been summarized as follows:
His major work is the Durrat al-taj li-ghurratt al-Dubaj (Pearly Crown) which is an Encyclopedic work on philosophy including philosophical views on natural sciences, theology, logic, public affairs, ethnics, mysticism, astronomy, mathematics, arithmetic and music. [ 60 ] Ibn Sabin. Andalusia. (Spain) 1236–1269.
Early Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar (early 9th century CE) and lasting until the 6th century AH (late 12th century CE). The period is known as the Islamic Golden Age, and the achievements of this period had a crucial ...
Al-Ghazali was born in c.1058 in Tus, then part of the Seljuk Empire. [ 50 ] He was a Muslim scholar, law specialist, rationalist, and spiritualist of Persian descent. [ 51 ][ 52 ] He was born in Tabaran, a town in the district of Tus, Khorasan (now part of Iran), [ 50 ] not long after Seljuks entered Baghdad and ended Shia Buyid Amir al-umaras.
Abu al-'Ala' was born in December 973 in al-Ma'arra (present-day Ma'arrat al-Nu'man, Syria), southwest of Aleppo, whence his nisba ("al-Ma'arri"). At his time, the city was part of the Abbasid Caliphate, the third Islamic caliphate, during the Islamic Golden Age. [ 8 ] He was a member of the Banu Sulayman, a notable family of Ma'arra, belonging ...
Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (full name: أبو بکر محمد بن زکریاء الرازي, Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Zakariyyāʾ al-Rāzī), [ a ]c.864 or 865–925 or 935 CE, [ b ] often known as (al-)Razi or by his Latin name Rhazes, also rendered Rhasis, was a Persian physician, philosopher and alchemist who lived during the Islamic Golden Age ...
Al-Kindi (d. 873)—considered to be among the first Arab philosophers, he combined the ideology of Aristotle and Plato; Maslama al-Majriti (950–1007)—Arab mathematician and astronomer who translated Greek texts; Hunayn ibn Ishaq (809–873)—Arab (Nestorian Christian) scholar and philosopher who was placed in charge of the House of Wisdom ...
Ibn al-Nadim. Abū al-Faraj Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq an-Nadīm (Arabic: ابو الفرج محمد بن إسحاق النديم), also Ibn Abī Yaʿqūb Isḥāq ibn Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq al-Warrāq, and commonly known by the nasab (patronymic) Ibn an-Nadīm (Arabic: ابن النديم; died 17 September 995 or 998), was an important Muslim ...