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Mulliken charges arise from the Mulliken population analysis [1] [2] and provide a means of estimating partial atomic charges from calculations carried out by the methods of computational chemistry, particularly those based on the linear combination of atomic orbitals molecular orbital method, and are routinely used as variables in linear regression (QSAR [3]) procedures. [4]
1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene is an organochlorine compound. It is one of the three isomers of trichlorobenzene. Being more symmetrical than the other isomers, it exists as colourless crystals whereas the other isomers are liquids at room temperature. It is not formed upon chlorination of benzene. Instead it is prepared by the Sandmeyer reaction from ...
This article describes the mathematics of the Standard Model of particle physics, a gauge quantum field theory containing the internal symmetries of the unitary product group SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1). The theory is commonly viewed as describing the fundamental set of particles – the leptons , quarks , gauge bosons and the Higgs boson .
Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula. The Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula (sometimes known as the NNG formula) relates the baryon number B, the strangeness S, the isospin I3 of quarks and hadrons to the electric charge Q. It was originally given by Kazuhiko Nishijima and Tadao Nakano in 1953, [ 1 ] and led to the proposal of strangeness as a concept ...
[55] [56] In January 2016, North Korea claimed to have successfully tested a hydrogen bomb, [57] although only a magnitude 5.1 seismic event was detected at the time of the test, [58] a similar magnitude to the 2013 test of a 6–9 kt (25–38 TJ) atomic bomb. These seismic recordings cast doubt upon North Korea's claim that a hydrogen bomb was ...
The characteristic torus-shaped chamber is clad with graphite to help withstand the extreme heat. A tokamak (/ ˈtoʊkəmæk /; Russian: токамáк) is a device which uses a powerful magnetic field generated by external magnets to confine plasma in the shape of an axially symmetrical torus. [ 1 ]
Particle smaller than an atom. A composite particle protonis made of two up quarksand one down quark, which are elementary particles. In physics, a subatomic particleis a particlesmaller than an atom.[1] According to the Standard Model of particle physics, a subatomic particle can be either a composite particle, which is composed of other ...
In particle physics, the quark model is a classification scheme for hadrons in terms of their valence quarks —the quarks and antiquarks that give rise to the quantum numbers of the hadrons. The quark model underlies "flavor SU (3)", or the Eightfold Way, the successful classification scheme organizing the large number of lighter hadrons that ...