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Leslie Boyer, director of the VIPER Institute and a member of the team that developed CroFab, collected data on the cost of production and marketing, and found that the largest true cost to payers in the United States was that of the legal, regulatory and hospital activities involved in selling the drug, nearly 75% of the total.
[citation needed] [clarification needed] The cost was too high in comparison to the small number of cases presented each year. The existing American coral snake antivenom stock technically expired in 2008, but the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has extended the expiration date every year through to at least 30 April 2017.
In the US, approved antivenom, including for pit viper (rattlesnake, copperhead and water moccasin) snakebite, is based on a purified product made in sheep known as CroFab. [9] It was approved by the FDA in October 2000.
A new study in 2020 estimated that the median cost of getting a new drug into the market was $985 million, and the average cost was $1.3 billion, which was much lower compared to previous studies, which have placed the average cost of drug development as $2.8 billion. [4]
The resulting taxonomy does not recognizes the Osage copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix phaeogaster) as a valid taxon. [4] [5] Several subsequent reviews and species accounts have followed and supported the revised taxonomy. [6] [7]: 436 p. [8] Information on this snake can be found in the Agkistrodon contortrix article.
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The poisons, and all that is known of their nature. The galls as antidotes to the snake venom. Pathological, toxicological, and microscopical facts; together with much interesting matter hitherto not published. New York: Boericke & Tafel. 239 pp. Holbrook JE (1838).
[11] [12] Thus, depending on where the bite was sustained, envenomation from this snake can require a much higher dose of Crotalidae polyvalent immune fab ("Crofab"), an antivenom used to treat the bite of North American pit vipers, [13] than the venoms of other rattlesnakes, including the venom of C. helleri specimens of different provenance. [12]