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Submarine volcanoes are underwater vents or fissures in the Earth's surface from which magma can erupt. Many submarine volcanoes are located near areas of tectonic plate formation, known as mid-ocean ridges. The volcanoes at mid-ocean ridges alone are estimated to account for 75% of the magma output on Earth. [1]
Map of world's major seamounts. A list of active and extinct submarine volcanoes and seamounts located under the world's oceans. There are estimated to be 40,000 to 55,000 seamounts in the global oceans. [1] Almost all are not well-mapped and many may not have been identified at all. Most are unnamed and unexplored.
These lava flows add surface materials to the slopes of the volcano, extending the slopes outward in a general flattening of the morphology of the flank. [6] The extensional character of these events can contribute to flank instability and mass wasting events where whole sections of the volcanic edifice can collapse along rift zone boundaries. [5]
Lava domes are common features on volcanoes around the world. Lava domes are known to exist on plate margins as well as in intra-arc hotspots, and on heights above 6000 m and in the sea floor. [ 1 ] Individual lava domes and volcanoes featuring lava domes are listed below.
Davidson Seamount is a seamount (underwater volcano) located off the coast of Central California, 80 mi (129 km) southwest of Monterey and 75 mi (121 km) west of San Simeon. At 26 mi (42 km) long and 8 mi (13 km) wide, it is one of the largest known seamounts in the world. [4]
A volcano needs a reservoir of molten magma (e.g. a magma chamber), a conduit to allow magma to rise through the crust, and a vent to allow the magma to escape above the surface as lava. The erupted volcanic material (lava and tephra) that is deposited around the vent is known as a volcanic edifice, typically a volcanic cone or mountain. [2] [22]
A volcanic field is an area of Earth's crust that is prone to localized volcanic activity. The type and number of volcanoes required to be called a "field" is not well-defined. [1] Volcanic fields usually consist of clusters of up to 100 volcanoes such as cinder cones. Lava flows may also occur.
Mauna Kea (/ ˌ m ɔː n ə ˈ k eɪ ə, ˌ m aʊ n ə-/, [6] Hawaiian: [ˈmɐwnə ˈkɛjə]; abbreviation for Mauna a Wākea) [7] is a dormant shield volcano on the island of Hawaiʻi. [8] Its peak is 4,207.3 m (13,803 ft) above sea level, making it the highest point in Hawaii and the island with the second highest high point, behind New Guinea, the world's largest tropical island with ...