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Cartridge adapters have also been made to use .38 caliber handgun cartridges with bullet diameters of approximately .357-inch (9.1 mm) in .35 caliber rifles designed for bullets of .358-inch (9.1 mm) diameter. [3] Supplemental chambers in .22 caliber, and potentially .17 caliber as well, pose a special problem not shared by larger calibers.
Within firearms, chamber pressure is the pressure exerted by a cartridge case's outside walls on the inside of a firearm's chamber when the cartridge is fired. The SI unit for chamber pressure is the megapascal (MPa), while the American SAAMI uses the pound per square inch (psi, symbol lbf/in 2) and the European CIP uses bar (1 bar is equal to 0.1 MPa).
The test cartridge must be inserted into the chamber in such a way that the hole in the test cartridge case lines up with a gas port hole that channels the gas pressure from the cartridge case to the face of the sensor. The measurement accuracy of the pressure measurements with 21st century high-pressure sensors is expected to be ≤ 2%. [7]
A cartridge being pushed into the chamber of a Springfield M1903. The chamber of a firearm is the cavity at the back end of a breechloading weapon's barrel or cylinder, where the ammunition is inserted before being fired. The rear opening of the chamber is the breech, and is sealed by the breechblock or the bolt. [1] [2]
The original patent filed by Hermann Gerlich in 1932 [6]. The squeeze bore concept was first patented by German inventor Carl Puff in 1903 [7] [8], even though the general principle was known already in 19th century and later applied in lighter fashion on Armstrong guns, on which only the muzzle yet not the barrel itself was of slightly smaller diameter (to cast off the sealing leather-bag ...
Bullet's Brinell hardness number (BHN) x 9.80665 N/kgf×10 6 mm²/m² = [N/m²] = pressure in pascals Bullet's BHN x 1422 = pressure in pounds per square inch [3]. The conversion factor of 1422 is mathematically derived in order to convert the pressure in kgf/mm 2 (the units used to measure BHN) to lbf/in 2 (the units used to measure cartridge pressure).
While CUP and LUP numbers were intended to be comparable to the crushing power of a given pressure in psi (lbf/in 2), the numbers are not equivalent.Since a longer duration, lower pressure pulse can crush the cylinder as much as a shorter duration, higher pressure pulse, CUP and LUP pressures frequently register lower than actual peak pressures (as measured by a transducer) by up to 20%.
The U.S. based Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI) has listed a number of known unsafe firearm chamber and cartridge combinations which can happen due to mixing of different common cartridges. [1] Examples include: Firing a .22 Long Rifle round in a .17 HMR rifle