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Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus NRR Neuro-retinal rim NS Nuclear sclerosis: NTG Normal tension glaucoma: PDR Proliferative diabetic retinopathy PDT Photodynamic therapy: PK Penetrating keratoplasy: POAG Primary open-angle glaucoma PPDR Preproliferative diabetic retinopathy PRA Pan-retinal ablation PRK Photorefractive keratectomy PRP
Diabetic retinopathy (also known as diabetic eye disease) is a medical condition in which damage occurs to the retina due to diabetes.It is a leading cause of blindness in developed countries and one of the lead causes of sight loss in the world, even though there are many new therapies and improved treatments for helping people live with diabetes.
In contrast, individuals with diabetes mellitus are at risk of diabetic retinopathy and therefore require more frequent screening. Those with type 1 diabetes should have their first comprehensive eye examination 5 years after diagnosis, followed by yearly exams. Those with type 2 diabetes should have their first comprehensive eye examination at ...
Today, the main function of a prescription formulary is to specify particular medications that are approved to be prescribed at a particular hospital, in a particular health system, or under a particular health insurance policy. The development of prescription formularies is based on evaluations of efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of drugs.
Three other names played a prominent role in early fundus photography. According to some historical accounts, Elmer Starr and Lucien Howe may have been first to photograph the human retina. Lucien Howe, a well-known name in Ophthalmology, and his assistant, Elmer Starr, collaborated on the fundus photography project in 1886–88. Howe described ...
Referred to as a form of retinal myopathies, cotton wools spots are commonly found to be a secondary manifestation to diseases like diabetes, hypertension, and AIDS. [1] Cotton wool spots have become one of the hallmarks of pre-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, a condition caused by damaged blood vessels in the retina due to high blood sugar ...
Diabetic retinopathy: is one of the manifestation microvascular complications of diabetes, which is characterized by blindness or reduced acuity. That is, diabetic retinopathy describes the retinal and vitreous hemorrhages or retinal capillary blockage caused by the increase of A1C, [68] which a measurement of blood glucose or sugar level. [69]
Retinopathy, or retinal vascular disease, can be broadly categorized into proliferative and non-proliferative types. Frequently, retinopathy is an ocular manifestation of systemic disease as seen in diabetes or hypertension. [3] Diabetes is the most common cause of retinopathy in the U.S. as of 2008. [4]