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The body of the radius is self-explanatory, and the lower extremity of the radius is roughly quadrilateral in shape, with articular surfaces for the ulna, scaphoid and lunate bones. The distal end of the radius forms two palpable points, radially the styloid process and Lister's tubercle on the ulnar side.
De Quervain syndrome causes pain over the styloid process of the radius. [3] [4] This is due to the passage of the inflamed extensor pollicis brevis tendon and abductor pollicis longus tendon around it. [4] [5] The styloid process of the radius is a useful landmark during arthroscopic resection of the scaphoid bone. [6]
The head of the radius has a cylindrical form, and on its upper surface is a shallow cup or fovea for articulation with the capitulum of the humerus. The circumference of the head is smooth; it is broad medially where it articulates with the radial notch of the ulna , narrow in the rest of its extent, which is embraced by the annular ligament .
Despite the bulk of the muscle body being visible from the anterior aspect of the forearm, the brachioradialis is a posterior compartment muscle and consequently is innervated by the radial nerve. [5] Of the muscles that receive innervation from the radial nerve, it is one of only four that receive input directly from the radial nerve.
Beneath the neck of the radius, on the medial side, is an eminence, the radial tuberosity; its surface is divided into: . a posterior, rough portion, for the insertion of the tendon of the biceps brachii.
The distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) is a pivot joint located between the distal ends of the radius and ulna, which make up the forearm. Formed by the head of the ulna and the ulnar notch of the radius, the DRUJ is separated from the radiocarpal (wrist) joint by an articular disk lying between the radius and the styloid process of the ulna.
Lister's tubercle is found on the dorsal distal radius. [1] It varies in size and shape significantly. [2] [3] It can range from around 2 to 6 mm in height (averaging 3 mm), and around 6 to 26 mm in length (averaging 13 mm). [2] [3] Lister's tubercle consists of two peaks including radial peak and ulnar peak. [4]
The interosseous membrane is composed of 5 ligaments:- Central band (key portion to be reconstructed in case of injury)- Accessory band- Distal oblique bundle- Proximal oblique cord- Dorsal oblique accessory cord. Severe forearm injuries involving separation of the radius and ulna may be due to rupture of the interosseous membrane.