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PDF is used for representing two-dimensional documents in a manner independent of the application software, hardware, and operating system. Each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout 2D document that includes the text, fonts, images, and 2D vector graphics which compose the documents.
The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary is an English translation of the Qur'an by the British Indian Abdullah Yusuf Ali (1872–1953) during the British Raj.It has become among the most widely known English translations of the Qur'an, due in part to its prodigious use of footnotes, and its distribution and subsidization by Saudi Arabian beneficiaries during the late 20th century.
The translation is praised and recommended by Fetullah Gülen in his introduction to the work. [4] In Islam & Science, Waleed Bleyhesh al-Amri wrote that Ünal appeared to be "fully conversant with Qurʾānic scholarship, both classical and recent, and with the norms of writing tafsīr".
The Geschichte des Qorāns (History of the Quran) is a foundational German work of modern Quranic studies by Theodor Noldeke (1836–1930). Published originally in 1860, the work continued to be revised and expanded by Noldeke's students and successors between 1909 and 1938. [ 1 ]
The project started in 2009; the first volume was published in 2013. [1] It was originally conceived as a seven-volume work which would include around 600 entries.
The term Quran code (also known as Code 19) refers to the claim that the Quranic text contains a hidden mathematically complex code. Advocates believe that the code represents a mathematical proof of the divine authorship of the Quran, however this claim has not been validated by any independent mathematical or scientific institute.
"The Qurʾān, orientalism and the Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān" (PDF). Journal of Qur'anic Research and Studies. 3 (5). Medina, Saudi Arabia: King Fahd Qur’an Printing Complex. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-08-15; Another encyclopaedia: Integrated Encyclopedia of the Qur'ān at IEQ project
[2] [3] It uses an application of "reasoned eclecticism" [4] or (in the words of the publisher's blurb) "a method of textual analysis commonly used in studies of ancient Western and Eastern manuscripts", to attempt to 1) determine what the text was for these verses in the earliest versions of the Quran and 2) "to trace the historical ...