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  2. Cognitive reframing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_reframing

    Cognitive reframing can be useful in many ways, such as when trying to improve memory, reduce test anxiety, and helping parents and children cope with disabilities. For example, people with memory problems were told that their memory could be improved by shifting their perspective on their problem. After receiving treatment, their memory ...

  3. Moral disengagement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_disengagement

    For example, people are less likely to obey to execute detrimental behaviors as the victim's pain became more evident and personalized. Nowadays, it is commonly seen that most organizations have a clear set of hierarchical chains where people in the upper level come up with plans and pass them down to their subordinates, known as executors, who ...

  4. Decolonization of knowledge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decolonization_of_knowledge

    For example, English Common Law predominates in former British colonies throughout Africa and Asia, whereas the Civil Law system is used in many former French colonies that mirrors the values of French society. In this context, decolonization of law calls "for the critical inclusion of epistemologies, ways of knowing, lived experiences, texts ...

  5. Transformative learning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformative_learning

    A question that we might ask ourselves is “what did I do that led to the outcome? Process reflection includes checking on the problem-solving strategies that are used in the classroom. For example, “do I understand the needs of my students?” Premise reflection is the question of the problem itself.

  6. Framing (social sciences) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)

    [75] By refocusing the structure away from one frame ("tax burden" or "tax responsibilities"), individuals can set the agenda of the questions asked in the future. Cognitive linguists point to an example of framing in the phrase "tax relief". In this frame, use of the concept "relief" entails a concept of (without mentioning the benefits ...

  7. Framing effect (psychology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framing_effect_(psychology)

    For example, they are more likely to enjoy meat labeled 75% lean meat as opposed to 25% fat, or use condoms advertised as being 95% effective as opposed to having a 5% risk of failure. [ 26 ] Young adults are especially susceptible to framing effects when presented with an ill-defined problem in which there is no correct answer and individuals ...

  8. Paraprosdokian - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraprosdokian

    A paraprosdokian (/ p ær ə p r ɒ s ˈ d oʊ k i ə n /), or par'hyponoian, is a figure of speech in which the latter part of a sentence, phrase, or larger discourse is surprising or unexpected in a way that causes the reader or listener to reframe or reinterpret the first part.

  9. Cognitive development - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_development

    Qualitative differences between how a child processes their waking experience and how an adult processes their waking experience are acknowledged (such as object permanence, the understanding of logical relations, and cause-effect reasoning in school-age children). Cognitive development is defined as the emergence of the ability to consciously ...