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  2. Audio-lingual method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio-lingual_method

    The foreign language is taught for communication, with a view to achieve development of communication skills. Practice is how the learning of the language takes place. Every language skill is the total of the sets of habits that the learner is expected to acquire. Practice is central to all the contemporary foreign language teaching methods.

  3. Cloze test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloze_test

    The definition of success in a given cloze test varies, depending on the broader goals behind the exercise. Assessment may depend on whether the exercise is objective (i.e. students are given a list of words to use in a cloze) or subjective (i.e. students are to fill in a cloze with words that would make a given sentence grammatically correct).

  4. Direct method (education) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_method_(education)

    The direct method in teaching a language is directly establishing an immediate and audiovisual association between experience and expression, words and phrases, idioms and meanings, rules and performances through the teachers' body and mental skills, without any help of the learners' mother tongue.

  5. Communicative language teaching - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_language...

    The development of communicative language teaching was bolstered by these academic ideas. Before the growth of communicative language teaching, the primary method of language teaching was situational language teaching, a method that was much more clinical in nature and relied less on direct communication. In Britain, applied linguists began to ...

  6. Structural approach - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_approach

    Structural approach is an approach in the study of language that emphasizes the examination of language in very detailed manner.This strategy, which is considered a traditional approach, examines language products such as sounds, morphemes, words, sentences, and vocabulary, among others. [1]

  7. Metalinguistic awareness - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalinguistic_awareness

    Currently, the most commonly held conception of metalinguistic awareness suggests that its development is constituted by cognitive control (i.e. selecting and coordinating the relevant pieces of information needed to comprehend the language manipulation) and analysed knowledge (i.e. recognising the meaning and structure of the manipulated ...

  8. Constrained writing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constrained_writing

    Constrained writing is a literary technique in which the writer is bound by some condition that forbids certain things or imposes a pattern. [ 1 ] Constraints are very common in poetry , which often requires the writer to use a particular verse form.

  9. Pessimism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pessimism

    The term pessimism derives from the Latin word pessimus, meaning 'the worst'.It was first used by Jesuit critics of Voltaire's 1759 novel Candide, ou l'Optimisme.Voltaire was satirizing the philosophy of Leibniz who maintained that this was the 'best (optimum) of all possible worlds'.