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[1] [2] Not all living organisms are referred to as Nefesh, arthropods ("bugs") and plants, for example, are not described in the Bible as nephesh. The primary meaning of the term נפש is 'the breath of life' instinct in the nostrils of all living beings, and by extension 'life', 'person' or 'very self'.
The Old Testament consistently uses three primary words to describe the parts of man: basar (flesh), which refers to the external, material aspect of man (mostly in emphasizing human frailty); nephesh, which refers to the soul as well as the whole person or life; and ruach which is used to refer to the human spirit (ruach can mean "wind", "breath", or "spirit" depending on the context; cf ...
Ruach (רוּחַ): the middle soul, the "spirit". It contains the moral virtues and the ability to distinguish between good and evil. Neshamah (נְשָׁמָה): the higher soul, or "super-soul". This separates man from all other life-forms.
The concept of an immaterial and immortal soul – distinct from the body – did not appear in Judaism before the Babylonian exile, [1] but developed as a result of interaction with Persian and Hellenistic philosophies. [2]
Neshamah-Soul first invested soul level expresses Binah-Understanding, the developed intellectual faculties Ruach-Spirit emotional level of invested soul expresses Chesed-Kindness to Yesod-Foundation, the emotional faculties (in Lurianic Parzufim of Kabbalah these form one unit, as do each of the five corresponding levels in the Sephirot)
In kabbalah, the animal soul (נפש הבהמית ; nefesh habehamit) is one of the two souls of a Jew. It is the soul that gives life to the physical body, as stated in Tanya, and is the source of animalistic desires as well as innate Jewish characteristics such as kindness and compassion.
The translation is based on the New Revised Standard Version (NRSV), first published in 1989 by an ecumenical translation committee under the National Council of Churches in Christ U.S.A. whose ...
Higher levels of the soul give a person emotion (ruach), logic (neshamah) and awareness of G‑dliness (chaya). Within the category of nefesh are the nefesh habehamit and the nefesh haelokit. In yeshivah, we typically spelled the word as nefesh, although I am unsure about the rest of the world.