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The Himalayas, or Himalaya (/ ˌ h ɪ m ə ˈ l eɪ. ə, h ɪ ˈ m ɑː l ə j ə / HIM-ə-LAY-ə, hih-MAH-lə-yə) [b] is a mountain range in Asia, separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. The range has some of the Earth's highest peaks, including the highest, Mount Everest.
The Indian Himalayan Region (abbreviated to IHR) is the section of the Himalayas within the Republic of India, spanning thirteen Indian states and union territories, namely Ladakh, [1] Jammu and Kashmir, [2] [3] [4] Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, West Bengal, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura, Assam, and Arunachal Pradesh.
The Kali Gandaki Gorge (a graben), [13] transects the main Himalaya and Transhimalayan ranges. Kora La is the lowest pass through both ranges between K2 and Everest , but some 300 metres (980 ft) higher than Nathula and Jelepla passes further east between Sikkim and Tibet
The Tethys Himalaya is an approximately 100-km-wide synclinorium formed by strongly folded and imbricated, weakly metamorphosed sedimentary series. Several nappes, termed the "North Himalayan Nappes", [18] have also been described within this unit.
In the 19th century, as the East India Company had consolidated control over most of India, it began seeking influence and access to Himalayan routes and peripheral regions. Thus, in 1816, the Treaty of Sugauli was signed, affirming the India-Nepal border and establishing better relations in the region.
The region is a major hub of horticulture in the Indian subcontinent. Apples are grown in Kashmir, Kinnaur, Kishtwar, and Kullu valleys, as well as the Hills of Shimla . These regions, particularly Kashmir and the Shimla Hills produce almost all the apples grown in India and South Asia.
The Lower Himalayan Range, reaching 1,500 to 3,000 metres (4,900 to 9,800 ft), is the southern limit of this region, with subtropical river valleys and "hills" alternating to the north of this range. Population density is high in valleys but notably less above 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) and very low above 2,500 metres (8,200 ft), where snow ...
The region was previously known as Maryul (see page for etymology). Medieval Islamic scholars called Ladakh the "Great Tibet" (derived from Turko-Arabic Ti-bat, meaning "highland"); Baltistan and other trans-Himalayan states in Kashmir's vicinity were referred to as "Little Tibets". [25] [26] [b]