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The moment magnitude scale (MMS; denoted explicitly with M w or Mwg, and generally implied with use of a single M for magnitude [1]) is a measure of an earthquake's magnitude ("size" or strength) based on its seismic moment.
An earthquake's seismic moment can be estimated in various ways, which are the bases of the M wb, M wr, M wc, M ww, M wp, M i, and M wpd scales, all subtypes of the generic M w scale. See Moment magnitude scale § Subtypes for details. Seismic moment is considered the most objective measure of an earthquake's "size" in regard of total energy. [50]
While the "Richter" and moment magnitude scales are similar, they do differ, particularly for earthquakes stronger than about M 6.5, or deeper than about 50 km. In general: where any source specifies magnitude on a scale other than "Richter", or uses "M" (or "m") with one or more other letters (such as ML, Mw, Ms, or mb), that can be relied on ...
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Magnetic moment strength (from lower to higher orders of magnitude) Factor (m 2 ⋅A) Value Item 10 −45: 9.0877 × 10 −45 m 2 ⋅A [1] Unit of magnetic moment in the Planck system of units. 10 −27: 4.330 7346 × 10 −27 m 2 ⋅A: Magnetic moment of a deuterium nucleus 10 −26: 1.410 6067 × 10 −26 m 2 ⋅A: Magnetic moment of a proton ...
Magnitude scales measure the inherent force or strength of an earthquake – an event occurring at greater or lesser depth. (The "M w" scale is widely used.) The MM scale measures intensity of shaking, at any particular location, on the surface. It was developed from Giuseppe Mercalli's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902.
The connection between seismic moment and a torque is natural in the body-force equivalent representation of seismic sources as a double-couple (a pair of force couples with opposite torques): the seismic moment is the torque of each of the two couples. Despite having the same dimensions as energy, seismic moment is not a measure of energy.
Seismic magnitude scales, the energy in an earthquake, measures include: Moment magnitude scale, based on seismic moment, supersedes the Richter scale; Richter magnitude scale, the energy of an earthquake, superseded by Moment scale; Surface-wave magnitude, based on Rayleigh surface wave measurement through heat conduction