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Abundance (atom fraction) of the chemical elements in Earth's upper continental crust as a function of atomic number; [5] siderophiles shown in yellow Graphs of abundance against atomic number can reveal patterns relating abundance to stellar nucleosynthesis and geochemistry.
percent mass percent atoms Oxygen O 65.0 24.0 Carbon C 18.5 12.0 Hydrogen H 9.5 62.0 Nitrogen N 2.6 1.1 Calcium Ca 1.3 0.22 Phosphorus P 0.6 0.22 Sulfur S 0.3 0.038 Potassium K 0.2 0.03 Sodium Na 0.2 0.037 Chlorine Cl 0.2 0.024 Magnesium Mg 0.1 0.015 All others < 0.1 < 0.3
Total atmospheric mass is 5.1480 × 10 18 kg (1.13494 × 10 19 lb), [36] about 2.5% less than would be inferred from the average sea-level pressure and Earth's area of 51007.2 megahectares, this portion being displaced by Earth's mountainous terrain. Atmospheric pressure is the total weight of the air above unit area at the point where the ...
In particular, a secular trend greater than 2 Wm −2 is considered highly unlikely. [27] [28] [29] Ultraviolet irradiance (EUV) varies by approximately 1.5 percent from solar maxima to minima, for 200 to 300 nm wavelengths. [30] However, a proxy study estimated that UV has increased by 3.0% since the Maunder Minimum. [31]
Its neutron absorption cross section for thermal neutrons is high at 15200 barns, about 38% of 149 Sm's absorption cross section, or about 20 times that of 235 U. Since the ratios between the production and absorption rates of 151 Sm and 149 Sm are almost equal, the two isotopes should reach similar equilibrium concentrations.
Mass–energy equivalence states that all objects having mass, or massive objects, have a corresponding intrinsic energy, even when they are stationary.In the rest frame of an object, where by definition it is motionless and so has no momentum, the mass and energy are equal or they differ only by a constant factor, the speed of light squared (c 2).
581 kJ/kg C to 2.5 V 161 W/kg 560 kJ/kg 1.14 C to 2.0 V 183 W/kg 0.73 kJ/kg 2.27 C to 1.5 V 367 W/kg Energizer CH35 C 1.8 Ah nickel–cadmium battery [68] 1.2 V 21 °C 152 kJ/kg C/10 to 1 V 4 W/kg C/10 147.1 kJ/kg 5C to 1 V 200 W/kg 5 C Firefly Energy Oasis FF12D1-G31 6-cell 105Ah VRLA battery [69] 12 V 25 °C
TSI varies in phase with the solar magnetic activity cycle [72] with an amplitude of about 0.1% around an average value of about 1361.5 W/m 2 [73] (the "solar constant"). Variations about the average of up to −0.3% are caused by large sunspot groups and of +0.05% by large faculae and the bright network on a 7-10-day timescale [ 74 ] [ 75 ...