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Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC or CSCR), also known as central serous retinopathy (CSR), is an eye disease that causes visual impairment, often temporary, usually in one eye. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] When the disorder is active it is characterized by leakage of fluid under the retina that has a propensity to accumulate under the central macula.
Pain, visual loss, relapse, and steroid response are typical of CRION. [1] [3] Ocular pain is typical, although there are some cases with no reported pain. [3]Bilateral severe visual loss (simultaneous or sequential) usually occurs, but there are reports of unilateral visual loss. [3]
Central serous chorioretinopathy (pachychoroid stage II) with subretinal fluid (black triangle in the middle) and a markedly thickened, congested choroid (white arrowheads). Pachychoroid disorders of the macula represent a group of diseases affecting the central part of the retina of the eye , the macula .
Flammer syndrome may also predispose to other eye diseases such as vascular occlusion (especially retinal vein occlusion) [15] in relatively young people or central serous retinopathy. Muscle spasms and tension are common among individuals with Flammer syndrome.
Optic neuropathy is damage to the optic nerve from any cause. The optic nerve is a bundle of millions of fibers in the retina that sends visual signals to the brain. Damage and death of these nerve cells, or neurons, leads to characteri
The photo stress test is clinically useful in diabetes, [3] glaucoma, [3] macular degeneration [4] etc. Diabetic retinopathy affects the microvasculature of the inner retina and causes neurodegeneration. Several studies reported that PSRT is elevated in people with diabetes. [3]
Bienfang's test is a clinical test used in the diagnosis of ocular myasthenia gravis. It is used in conjunction with other examination techniques such as Cogan's lid twitch test [ 1 ] or enhancement of blepharoptosis from prolonged upward gaze.
Oscillopsia can also be used as a quantitative test to document aminoglycoside toxicity. Permanent oscillopsia can arise from an impairment of the ocular system that serves to maintain ocular stability. [2] Paroxysmal oscillopsia can be due to an abnormal hyperactivity in the peripheral ocular or vestibular system. [2]