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The null coalescing operator is a binary operator that is part of the syntax for a basic conditional expression in several programming languages, such as (in alphabetical order): C# [1] since version 2.0, [2] Dart [3] since version 1.12.0, [4] PHP since version 7.0.0, [5] Perl since version 5.10 as logical defined-or, [6] PowerShell since 7.0.0, [7] and Swift [8] as nil-coalescing operator.
However such languages may implement a subset of explicit string-specific functions as well. For function that manipulate strings, modern object-oriented languages, like C# and Java have immutable strings and return a copy (in newly allocated dynamic memory), while others, like C manipulate the original string unless the programmer copies data ...
The return value from a function is provided within the function by making an assignment to an identifier with the same name as the function. [5] However, some versions of Pascal provide a special function Exit(exp); that can be used to return a value immediately from a function, or, without parameters, to return immediately from a procedure. [6]
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The compiler uses argument-dependent lookup to resolve the begin and end functions. [9] The C++ Standard Library also supports for_each, [10] that applies each element to a function, which can be any predefined function or a lambda expression. While range-based for is only from the start to the end, the range or direction can be changed by ...
Folds can be regarded as consistently replacing the structural components of a data structure with functions and values. Lists, for example, are built up in many functional languages from two primitives: any list is either an empty list, commonly called nil ([]), or is constructed by prefixing an element in front of another list, creating what is called a cons node ( Cons(X1,Cons(X2,Cons ...
When implementing multiple interfaces that contain a method with the same name and taking parameters of the same type in the same order (i.e. the same signature), similar to Java, C# allows both a single method to cover all interfaces and if necessary specific methods for each interface. C# also offers function overloading (a.k.a. ad-hoc ...
For example, in the expression (f(x)-1)/(f(x)+1), the function f cannot be called only once with its value used two times since the two calls may return different results. Moreover, in the few languages which define the order of evaluation of the division operator's operands, the value of x must be fetched again before the second call, since ...