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An example of generalizing a type would be moving a method from a child to a parent class for common use by all the parent class' children, not just the original child. Another example, in the Java programming language , would be access to an object via an interface which isn't tied into a specific implementation of that interface.
The factory method design pattern solves problems such as: How can an object's subclasses redefine its subsequent and distinct implementation? The pattern involves creation of a factory method within the superclass that defers the object's creation to a subclass's factory method.
Refactoring is usually motivated by noticing a code smell. [2] For example, the method at hand may be very long, or it may be a near duplicate of another nearby method. Once recognized, such problems can be addressed by refactoring the source code, or transforming it into a new form that behaves the same as before but that no longer "smells".
JasperReports is an open source Java reporting tool that can write to a variety of targets, such as: screen, a printer, into PDF, [2] HTML, Microsoft Excel, RTF, ODT, comma-separated values (CSV), XSL, [2] or XML files. It can be used in Java-enabled applications, including Java EE or web applications, to generate dynamic content
Rule of three ("Three strikes and you refactor") is a code refactoring rule of thumb to decide when similar pieces of code should be refactored to avoid duplication. It states that two instances of similar code do not require refactoring, but when similar code is used three times, it should be extracted into a new procedure.
A sample UML class and sequence diagram for the observer design pattern. [6] In this UML class diagram, the Subject class does not update the state of dependent objects directly. Instead, Subject refers to the Observer interface (update()) for updating state, which makes the Subject independent of how the state of dependent objects is updated.
The book includes examples in C++ and Smalltalk. It has been influential to the field of software engineering and is regarded as an important source for object-oriented design theory and practice. More than 500,000 copies have been sold in English and in 13 other languages. [1] The authors are often referred to as the Gang of Four (GoF). [2] [3 ...
However, the factory only returns a reference (in Java, for instance, by the new operator) or a pointer of an abstract type to the created concrete object. This insulates client code from object creation by having clients request that a factory object create an object of the desired abstract type and return an abstract pointer to the object.