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Smart materials, also called intelligent or responsive materials, [1] [page needed] are designed materials that have one or more properties that can be significantly changed in a controlled fashion by external stimuli, such as stress, moisture, electric or magnetic fields, light, temperature, pH, or chemical compounds.
Smart polymers, stimuli-responsive polymers or functional polymers are high-performance polymers that change according to the environment they are in. . Such materials can be sensitive to a number of factors, such as temperature, humidity, pH, chemical compounds, the wavelength or intensity of light or an electrical or magnetic field and can respond in various ways, such as altering color or ...
These crystallites form covalent netpoints which prevent the polymer from reforming its usual coiled structure. The hard to soft segment ratio is often between 5/95 and 95/5, but ideally this ratio is between 20/80 and 80/20. [12] The shape-memory polymers are effectively viscoelastic and many models and analysis methods exist.
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Untethered actuation is achievable, especially in soft robots with liquid crystal polymers, a category of stimuli-responsive materials with two way shape memory effect. This can allow the liquid crystal polymers to generate mechanical energy by changing shape in response to external stimuli, hence untethered actuation.
An adaptive machine is a category of industrial machinery characterized by the ability to adapt itself to the product to be produced, e.g. to move individual products through the manufacturing, assembly, inspection, packaging and other process stations required to produce them.
In other words, assistive technology is any object or system that helps people with disabilities, while adaptive technology is specifically designed for disabled people. [7] Consequently, adaptive technology is a subset of assistive technology. Adaptive technology often refers specifically to electronic and information technology access. [8]
Adaptive management in a conservation project and program context can trace its roots back to at least the early 1990s, with the establishment of the Biodiversity Support Program (BSP) [7] in 1989. BSP was a USAID-funded consortium of WWF [8] The Nature Conservancy (TNC), [9] and World Resources Institute (WRI). [10]