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In numerical analysis, the Bulirsch–Stoer algorithm is a method for the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations which combines three powerful ideas: Richardson extrapolation, the use of rational function extrapolation in Richardson-type applications, and the modified midpoint method, [1] to obtain numerical solutions to ordinary ...
In numerical analysis, Romberg's method [1] is used to estimate the definite integral by applying Richardson extrapolation [2] repeatedly on the trapezium rule or the rectangle rule (midpoint rule). The estimates generate a triangular array .
In mathematics, the rational sieve is a general algorithm for factoring integers into prime factors. It is a special case of the general number field sieve. While it is less efficient than the general algorithm, it is conceptually simpler. It serves as a helpful first step in understanding how the general number field sieve works.
The normal distribution is NOT assumed nor required in the calculation of control limits. Thus making the IndX/mR chart a very robust tool. Thus making the IndX/mR chart a very robust tool. This is demonstrated by Wheeler using real-world data [ 4 ] , [ 5 ] and for a number of highly non-normal probability distributions.
Example 1: In this scenario, for player 1, there is no pure strategy that dominates another pure strategy. Let's define the probability of player 1 playing up as p, and let p = 1 / 2 . We can set a mixed strategy where player 1 plays up and down with probabilities ( 1 / 2 , 1 / 2 ). When player 2 plays left, then the payoff ...
The theory has been applied in various fields of engineering and management. Initially, the grey method was adapted to effectively study air pollution [4] and subsequently used to investigate the nonlinear multiple-dimensional model of the socio-economic activities’ impact on the city air pollution. [5]
Robust decision-making (RDM) is a particular set of methods and tools developed over the last decade, primarily by researchers associated with the RAND Corporation, designed to support decision-making and policy analysis under conditions of deep uncertainty.