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The optical microscope, also referred to as a light microscope, is a type of microscope that commonly uses visible light and a system of lenses to generate magnified images of small objects. Optical microscopes are the oldest design of microscope and were possibly invented in their present compound form in the 17th century.
Stereo microscope. Optical or light microscopy involves passing visible light transmitted through or reflected from the sample through a single lens or multiple lenses to allow a magnified view of the sample. [11] The resulting image can be detected directly by the eye, imaged on a photographic plate, or captured digitally. The single lens with ...
Photo-activated localization microscopy (PALM or FPALM) [1] [2] and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) [3] are widefield (as opposed to point scanning techniques such as laser scanning confocal microscopy) fluorescence microscopy imaging methods that allow obtaining images with a resolution beyond the diffraction limit.
Bright-field microscopy (BF) is the simplest of all the optical microscopy illumination techniques. Sample illumination is transmitted (i.e., illuminated from below and observed from above) white light , and contrast in the sample is caused by attenuation of the transmitted light in dense areas of the sample.
Phase-contrast microscopy is particularly important in biology. It reveals many cellular structures that are invisible with a bright-field microscope , as exemplified in the figure. These structures were made visible to earlier microscopists by staining , but this required additional preparation and death of the cells.
After clearing and labeling, tissues are typically imaged using confocal microscopy, [14] [15] [16] two-photon microscopy, [1] [5] [14] or one of the many variants of light-sheet fluorescence microscopy. [7] [14] [15] Other less commonly used methods include optical projection tomography [1] [5] and stimulated Raman scattering.
[1] [2] A fluorescence microscope is any microscope that uses fluorescence to generate an image, whether it is a simple set up like an epifluorescence microscope or a more complicated design such as a confocal microscope, which uses optical sectioning to get better resolution of the fluorescence image. [3]
Köhler illumination is a method of specimen illumination used for transmitted and reflected light (trans- and epi-illuminated) optical microscopy.Köhler illumination acts to generate an even illumination of the sample and ensures that an image of the illumination source (for example a halogen lamp filament) is not visible in the resulting image.