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The halogens (/ ˈ h æ l ə dʒ ə n, ˈ h eɪ-,-l oʊ-,-ˌ dʒ ɛ n / [1] [2] [3]) are a group in the periodic table consisting of six chemically related elements: fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and the radioactive elements astatine (At) and tennessine (Ts), though some authors [4] would exclude tennessine as its chemistry is unknown and is theoretically expected to ...
Chlorine monofluoride: Chlorine trifluoride: Chlorine pentafluoride: Molar mass: 54.45 g/mol 92.45 g/mol 130.45 g/mol CAS number: Melting point: −155.6 °C −76.3 °C −103 °C Boiling point: −100 °C 11.8 °C −13.1 °C Standard enthalpy of formation Δ f H° gas: −50.29 kJ/mol −158.87 kJ/mol −238.49 kJ/mol
This kind of reaction typically works well for chlorine and bromine. Often a Lewis acidic catalyst is used, such as ferric chloride. [7] Many detailed procedures are available. [8] [9] Because fluorine is so reactive, other methods, such as the Balz–Schiemann reaction, are used to prepare fluorinated aromatic compounds.
The relative rates at which different halogens react vary considerably: [citation needed] fluorine (108) > chlorine (1) > bromine (7 × 10 −11) > iodine (2 × 10 −22).. Radical fluorination with the pure element is difficult to control and highly exothermic; care must be taken to prevent an explosion or a runaway reaction.
The fluorine–fluorine bond of the difluorine molecule is relatively weak when compared to the bonds of heavier dihalogen molecules. The bond energy is significantly weaker than those of Cl 2 or Br 2 molecules and similar to the easily cleaved oxygen–oxygen bonds of peroxides or nitrogen–nitrogen bonds of hydrazines. [8]
Chlorine trifluoride. Chlorine trifluoride (ClF 3) is a colourless gas that condenses to a green liquid, and freezes to a white solid. It is made by reacting chlorine with an excess of fluorine at 250 °C in a nickel tube. It reacts more violently than fluorine, often explosively. The molecule is planar and T-shaped.
Chlorine: 6.579 0.05622 Chlorobenzene: 25.77 0.1453 Chloroethane: 11.05 0.08651 ... Fluorine [2] 1.171 0.0290 Fluorobenzene: 20.19 0.1286 Fluoromethane: 4.692 0.05264
The rest of the unaccounted carbon bonds are occupied by chlorine atoms. The value of this equation is always a three figure number. An easy example is that of CFC-12, which gives: 90+12=102 -> 1 carbon, 0 hydrogens, 2 fluorine atoms, and hence 2 chlorine atoms resulting in CCl 2 F 2. The main advantage of this method of deducing the molecular ...
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