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  2. Indo-European ablaut - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut

    When it had no vowel, it is said to be in the "zero grade". Syllables with long vowels are said to be in "lengthened grade". (When the e-grade or the o-grade is referred to, the short vowel forms are meant.) A classic example of the five grades of ablaut in a single root is provided by the different case forms of two closely related Greek words.

  3. Apophony - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apophony

    The vowel alternation may involve more than just a change in vowel quality. In Athabaskan languages, such as Navajo, verbs have series of stems where the vowel alternates (sometimes with an added suffix) indicating a different tense-aspect. Navajo vowel ablaut, depending on the verb, may be a change in vowel, vowel length, nasality, and/or tone.

  4. Vowel harmony - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_harmony

    The basic rule is that words including at least one back vowel get back vowel suffixes (karba – in(to) the arm), while words excluding back vowels get front vowel suffixes (kézbe – in(to) the hand). Single-vowel words which have only the neutral vowels (i, í or é) are unpredictable, but e takes a front-vowel suffix.

  5. Thematic vowel - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thematic_vowel

    In Indo-European studies, a thematic vowel or theme vowel is the vowel *e [1] or *o from ablaut placed before the ending of a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) word. Nouns, adjectives, and verbs in the Indo-European languages with this vowel are thematic , and those without it are athematic .

  6. List of medical roots, suffixes and prefixes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_roots...

    First, prefixes and suffixes, most of which are derived from ancient Greek or classical Latin, have a droppable vowel, usually -o-. As a general rule, this vowel almost always acts as a joint-stem to connect two consonantal roots (e.g. arthr-+ -o-+ -logy = arthrology), but generally, the -o-is dropped when connecting to a vowel-stem (e.g. arthr ...

  7. Consonant mutation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant_mutation

    Consonant gradation involves an alternation in consonants between a strong grade in some forms of a word and a weak grade in others. The consonants subject to graduation are the plosives (p, t, k) that are followed by a vowel and preceded by a vowel, a sonorant (m, n, l, r), or h. The strong grade usually appears in an open syllable or before a ...

  8. Phonological opacity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_opacity

    An example of both can be seen in the future-marking suffix-en in the Yokutsan languages. Its vowel is supposed to be an underlying high vowel, though it surfaces as a mid vowel. Vowel rounding always applies before vowel lowering. Due to this order of phonological rules, the interaction of the suffix vowel with rounding harmony is opaque.

  9. Sanskrit grammar - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_grammar

    Vowels within stems may change to other related vowels on the basis of the morphological operation being performed on it. There are three such grades, named the zero grade, first grade, and second grade. The first and second grades are also termed guṇa [ρ] and vṛddhi [σ] respectively. The full pattern of gradation, followed by example ...

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