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In mathematics, a superparticular ratio, also called a superparticular number or epimoric ratio, is the ratio of two consecutive integer numbers. More particularly, the ratio takes the form: n + 1 n = 1 + 1 n {\displaystyle {\frac {n+1}{n}}=1+{\frac {1}{n}}} where n is a positive integer .
[footnote 1] It should not be confused with the normal mathematical script letters P: 𝒫 and 𝓅. In computing, the letter ℘ is available as \wp in TeX. In Unicode the code point is U+2118 ℘ SCRIPT CAPITAL P (℘, ℘), with the more correct alias weierstrass elliptic function. [footnote 2] In HTML, it can be escaped as ℘.
For the purposes of this definition, the order of the terms in the sum is irrelevant: two sums with the same terms in a different order are not considered to be distinct. By convention p(0) = 1, as there is one way (the empty sum) of representing zero as a sum of positive integers. Furthermore p(n) = 0 when n is negative.
gcd – greatest common divisor of two numbers. (Also written as hcf.) gd – Gudermannian function. GF – Galois field. GF – generating function. GL – general linear group. G.M. – geometric mean. glb – greatest lower bound. (Also written as inf.) G.P. – geometric progression. grad – gradient of a function. graph – graph of a ...
Euclid defines a ratio as between two quantities of the same type, so by this definition the ratios of two lengths or of two areas are defined, but not the ratio of a length and an area. Definition 4 makes this more rigorous. It states that a ratio of two quantities exists, when there is a multiple of each that exceeds the other.
If either p n # + 1 or p n # − 1 is a primorial prime, it means that there are larger primes than the nth prime (if neither is a prime, that also proves the infinitude of primes, but less directly; each of these two numbers has a remainder of either p − 1 or 1 when divided by any of the first n primes, and hence all its prime factors are ...
Graph showing ratio of the prime-counting function π(x) to two of its approximations, x / log x and Li(x). As x increases (note x-axis is logarithmic), both ratios tend towards 1. The ratio for x / log x converges from above very slowly, while the ratio for Li(x) converges more quickly from below.
The ratio estimator is a statistical estimator for the ratio of means of two random variables. Ratio estimates are biased and corrections must be made when they are used in experimental or survey work. The ratio estimates are asymmetrical and symmetrical tests such as the t test should not be used to generate confidence intervals.