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  2. Ground tissue - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_tissue

    Sclerenchyma is the tissue which makes the plant hard and stiff. Sclerenchyma is the supporting tissue in plants. Two types of sclerenchyma cells exist: fibers cellular and sclereids. Their cell walls consist of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Sclerenchyma cells are the principal supporting cells in plant tissues that have ceased elongation.

  3. Sclereid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclereid

    They are typically 1 mm (0.039 in) in length and are thus named fiberlike sclereids. These sclereids permeate the mesophyll as a dense mat. [ 5 ] During sclerification these fiberlike sclereid cells can increase by several hundred times their original size, compared to other parenchyma cells that only increase by two or three times.

  4. Tracheid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracheid

    [5] The fossil record shows three different types of tracheid cells found in early plants, which were classified as S-type, G-type and P-type. The first two of them were lignified and had pores to facilitate the transportation of water between cells. The P-type tracheid cells had pits similar to extant plant tracheids.

  5. Lignin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin

    Lignin is a class of complex organic polymers that form key structural materials in the support tissues of most plants. [1] Lignins are particularly important in the formation of cell walls, especially in wood and bark, because they lend rigidity and do not rot easily. Chemically, lignins are polymers made by cross-linking phenolic precursors. [2]

  6. Epidermis (botany) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)

    The epidermis is the outermost cell layer of the primary plant body. In some older works the cells of the leaf epidermis have been regarded as specialized parenchyma cells, [1] but the established modern preference has long been to classify the epidermis as dermal tissue, [2] whereas parenchyma is classified as ground tissue. [3]

  7. Vascular cambium - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_cambium

    Vascular cambia are found in all seed plants except for five angiosperm lineages which have independently lost it; Nymphaeales, Ceratophyllum, Nelumbo, Podostemaceae, and monocots. [1] In dicot and gymnosperm trees , the vascular cambium is the obvious line separating the bark and wood; they also have a cork cambium .

  8. Sclerophyll - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerophyll

    [5] In South Africa, in the Cape region, there are Mediterranean open forests known as fynbos. The abundance of endemics is so extraordinary (68% of the 8600 vascular plant species in the area) that the South African sclerophyll area, the cape flora, forms the smallest of the six flora kingdoms on earth.

  9. Sclerosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerosis

    Sclerosis (also sclerosus in the Latin names of a few disorders) is a hardening of tissue and other anatomical features. It may refer to: Sclerosis (medicine), a hardening of tissue