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Kaplan-Meier curve illustrating overall survival based on volume of brain metastases.Elaimy et al. (2011) [6] In its simplest form, the hazard ratio can be interpreted as the chance of an event occurring in the treatment arm divided by the chance of the event occurring in the control arm, or vice versa, of a study.
This ratio is the rest mass of the proton divided by that of the electron. An analogous ratio can be defined for any elementary particle. Strong force coupling strength α s ≈ 1. The tensor-to-scalar ratio , a ratio between the contributions of tensor and scalar modes to the primordial power spectrum observed in the CMB. [23]
The Reynolds number is the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces within a fluid that is subjected to relative internal movement due to different fluid velocities. A region where these forces change behavior is known as a boundary layer, such as the bounding surface in the interior of a pipe.
For example, in a study examining the effect of the drug apixaban on the occurrence of thromboembolism, 8.8% of placebo-treated patients experienced the disease, but only 1.7% of patients treated with the drug did, so the relative risk is .19 (1.7/8.8): patients receiving apixaban had 19% the disease risk of patients receiving the placebo. [4]
Even for quite large values of n, the actual distribution of the mean is significantly nonnormal. [21] Because of this problem several methods to estimate confidence intervals have been proposed. In the equations for confidence intervals below, the variables have the following meaning: n 1 is the number of successes out of n, the total number ...
Note that the mean (expected value) of z is not what would logically be expected, i.e., simply the square of the mean of x. Thus, even when using arguably the simplest nonlinear function, the square of a random variable, the process of finding the mean and variance of the derived quantity is difficult, and for more complicated functions it is ...
The log phase is marked by rapid exponential growth. The rate at which cells grow during this phase is known as the growth rate (k), and the time it takes the cells to double is known as the generation time (g). During log phase, nutrients are metabolised at maximum speed until one of the nutrients is depleted and starts limiting growth.
The Reynolds number Re is taken to be Re = V D / ν, where V is the mean velocity of fluid flow, D is the pipe diameter, and where ν is the kinematic viscosity μ / ρ, with μ the fluid's Dynamic viscosity, and ρ the fluid's density. The pipe's relative roughness ε / D, where ε is the pipe's effective roughness height and D the pipe ...