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All unrefined crude oil has some water entrained within it. During transportation by ship, separation occurs naturally and water collects at the base of the tank below the oil, this is known as free water (FW). [4] Sales contracts for crude oil will typically specify the BS&W and FW to ensure the cargo meets quality standards.
Petroleum refinery in Anacortes, Washington, United States. Petroleum refining processes are the chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries (also referred to as oil refineries) to transform crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils.
Oil conversion factor from m³ to bbl (or stb) is 6.28981100 Gas conversion factor from standard m³ to scf is 35.314666721 Note that the m³ gas conversion factor takes into account a difference in the standard temperature base for measurement of gas volumes in metric and imperial units.
In 2012, US oil refineries recovered 7.4 million metric tons of sulfur, worth about $915 million, and amounting to 88% of the elemental sulfur produced in the US. [13] Sulfur removal (as well as other contaminants) was a key theme of US refinery investment during 1990 to 2017 leading to additional sulfur production.
When converting oil density to specific gravity using the above definition, it is important to use the correct density of water, according to the standard conditions used when the measurement was made. The official density of water at 60 °F according to the 2008 edition of ASTM D1250 is 999.016 kg/m 3. [2] The 1980 value is 999.012 kg/m 3. [3]
Further water treatment is designed to remove oil droplets smaller than 150 micron, dissolved materials and hydrocarbons, heavier oils or other contaminants not removed by the API. Secondary treatment technologies include dissolved air flotation (DAF) , Anaerobic and Aerobic biological treatment, Parallel Plate Separators, Hydrocyclone , Walnut ...
A study of oil refineries nationwide ranked the Chevron El Segundo facility on Santa Monica Bay as the largest water polluter for nitrogen and selenium in 2021, compared to 80 other oil operations.
Tracers are used in the oil industry in order to qualitatively or quantitatively gauge how fluid flows through the reservoir, [1] as well as being a useful tool for estimating residual oil saturation. Tracers can be used in either interwell tests or single well tests. [2]