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Specific collections of biblical writings, such as the Hebrew Bible and Christian Bibles, are considered sacred and authoritative by their respective faith groups. [11] The limits of the canon were effectively set by the proto-orthodox churches from the 1st throughout the 4th century; however, the status of the scriptures has been a topic of scholarly discussion in the later churches.
An American Christian family's Bible dating to 1859. Disputes regarding the internal consistency and textual integrity of the Bible have a long history.. Classic texts that discuss questions of inconsistency from a critical secular perspective include the Tractatus Theologico-Politicus by Baruch Spinoza, the Dictionnaire philosophique of Voltaire, the Encyclopédie of Denis Diderot and The Age ...
Jesus, Interrupted: Revealing the Hidden Contradictions in the Bible (and Why We Don't Know About Them) is a book by Bart D. Ehrman, a New Testament scholar at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Modern Biblical criticism (as opposed to pre-Modern criticism) is the use of critical analysis to understand and explain the Bible without appealing to the supernatural. . During the eighteenth century, when it began as historical-biblical criticism, it was based on two distinguishing characteristics: (1) the scientific concern to avoid dogma and bias by applying a neutral, non-sectarian ...
The historical reliability of the Gospels is evaluated by experts who have not reached complete consensus. While all four canonical gospels contain some sayings and events that may meet at least one of the five criteria for historical reliability used in biblical studies, [note 1] the assessment and evaluation of these elements is a matter of ongoing debate.
Gospel of Thomas – also known as the Coptic Gospel of Thomas, and is a gospel [6] of non-canonical sayings; Gospel of Basilides – composed in Egypt around 120-140 AD, thought to be a Gnostic gospel harmony of the canonical gospels [6]
Biblical literalism or biblicism is a term used differently by different authors concerning biblical interpretation.It can equate to the dictionary definition of literalism: "adherence to the exact letter or the literal sense", [1] where literal means "in accordance with, involving, or being the primary or strict meaning of the word or words; not figurative or metaphorical".
The statements supply a surprisingly large number of articles and other declarations that insist that all the bible is literal, historical truth, including Genesis. Those articles, combined with Geisler's commentary to those articles, reveal contradictions, inconsistencies, and a healthy dose of lazy theology." [10]