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Mitophagy impaired due to the deletion of autophagy-related genes led to a loss of HSC function, more likely as a result of mitochondrial damage that stimulated excessive ROS production. On the contrary, mitophagy induction appeared to be protective for HSC and directed stem cell differentiation to the myeloid lineage.
[8] [9] In SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, the M protein is 222 residues long. [10] Its membrane topology orients the C-terminus toward the cytosolic face of the membrane and thus into the interior of the virion. It has a short N-terminal segment and a larger C-terminal domain.
The COVID-19 virus has not been detected in drinking water. [82] Conventional water treatment (filtration and disinfection) inactivates or removes the virus. [82] COVID-19 virus RNA is found in untreated wastewater, [82] [22] [83] [a] but there is no evidence of COVID-19 transmission through exposure to untreated wastewater or sewerage systems ...
A new study found that people who have had COVID-19 are more likely to develop chronic fatigue syndrome. A researcher and doctor weigh in on the symptoms to watch for.
Autophagy protein 5 (ATG5) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ATG5 gene located on chromosome 6. It is an E3 ubi autophagic cell death. ATG5 is a key protein involved in the extension of the phagophoric membrane in autophagic vesicles. It is activated by ATG7 and forms a complex with ATG12 and ATG16L1.
SARS-CoV-2 is the seventh known coronavirus to infect people, after 229E, NL63, OC43, HKU1, MERS-CoV, and the original SARS-CoV. [105] Like the SARS-related coronavirus implicated in the 2003 SARS outbreak, SARS‑CoV‑2 is a member of the subgenus Sarbecovirus (beta-CoV lineage B). [106] [107] Coronaviruses undergo frequent recombination. [108]
During the COVID-19 pandemic, anti-vaccination misinformation about COVID-19 circulated on social media platforms related to the spike protein's role in COVID-19 vaccines. Spike proteins were said to be dangerously "cytotoxic" and mRNA vaccines containing them therefore in themselves dangerous. Spike proteins are not cytotoxic or dangerous.
This suggests that BNIP3 is not the only receptor on the mitochondria and ER to promote autophagy. [11] This relationship between autophagy and BNIP3 is widely supported in many studies. In ceramide- and arsenic trioxide- treated malignant glioma cells, increased BNIP3 expression led to mitochondrial depolarization and autophagy. [13] [14]