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The cardinal points of a thick lens in air. F, F ′ front and rear focal points; P, P ′ front and rear principal points; V, V ′ front and rear surface vertices. The cardinal points lie on the optical axis of an optical system. Each point is defined by the effect the optical system has on rays that pass through that point, in the paraxial ...
Note that the cardinal points discussed in the article remain fixed when the object moves relative to the lens, while all of the points and planes you mention change. The cardinal points are features of an optical system which characterize its first-order optical properties. The object and image points, etc., are not.--
The reduced eye is an idealized model of the optics of the human eye. Introduced by Franciscus Donders, the reduced eye model replaces the several refracting bodies of the eye (the cornea, lens, aqueous humor, and vitreous humor) are replaced by an ideal air/water interface surface that is located 20 mm from a model retina.
In the presence of astigmatism, an off-axis point on the object is not sharply imaged by the optical system. Instead, sharp lines are formed at the tangential and sagittal foci. The image at the tangent focus is a short line, oriented in the direction of the sagittal plane; images of circles centered on the optic axis, or small lines tangential ...
Subscripts 1 and 2 refer to initial and final optical media respectively. These ratios are sometimes also used, following simply from other definitions of refractive index, wave phase velocity, and the luminal speed equation:
Cardinal point can refer to: Cardinal direction, the directions of the compass; Cardinal point (optics), a set of special points in an optical system, which help in the analysis of its properties; Cardinal Points, a student-run newspaper at Plattsburgh State University
The points that span conjugate planes are called conjugate points. [ 3 ] For a thin lens or a curved mirror , 1 u + 1 v = 1 f , {\displaystyle {1 \over u}+{1 \over v}={1 \over f},} where u is the distance from the object to the center of the lens or mirror, v is the distance from the lens or mirror to the image, and f is the focal length of the ...
An optical axis is an imaginary line that passes through the geometrical center of an optical system such as a camera lens, microscope or telescopic sight. [1] Lens elements often have rotational symmetry about the axis. The optical axis defines the path along which light propagates through the system, up to first approximation.