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Major depressive disorder (MDD), also known as clinical depression, is a mental disorder [9] characterized by at least two weeks of pervasive low mood, low self-esteem, and loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities. Introduced by a group of US clinicians in the mid-1970s, [10] the term was adopted by the American Psychiatric ...
A mood disorder, also known as an affective disorder, is any of a group of conditions of mental and behavioral disorder [2] where the main underlying characteristic is a disturbance in the person's mood. [3] The classification is in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and International Classification of Diseases (ICD).
Bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder is characterized by episodes of depression and hypomania or mania. Bipolar disorder, previously known as manic depression or manic depressive disorder, is a mental disorder characterized by periods of depression and periods of abnormally elevated mood that each last from days to weeks. [4][5] If the elevated ...
A mental disorder, also referred to as a mental illness, [6] a mental health condition, [7] or a psychiatric disability, [2] is a behavioral or mental pattern that causes significant distress or impairment of personal functioning. [8] A mental disorder is also characterized by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition ...
Emotions. v. t. e. Depression is a mental state of low mood and aversion to activity. [3] It affects about 3.5% of the global population, or about 280 million people of all ages (as of 2020). [4] Depression affects a person's thoughts, behavior, feelings, and sense of well-being. [5]
Mood swing. Graphical comparison of mood swings, compared with bipolar disorder and cyclothymia. A mood swing is an extreme or sudden change of mood. Such changes can play a positive or a disruptive part in promoting problem solving and in producing flexible forward planning. [1]
In the mid-20th century, researchers theorized that depression was caused by a chemical imbalance in neurotransmitters in the brain, a theory based on observations made in the 1950s of the effects of reserpine and isoniazid in altering monoamine neurotransmitter levels and affecting depressive symptoms. [32]
Substance abuse, especially long-term abuse, can cause or exacerbate many mental disorders. Alcoholism is linked to depression while abuse of amphetamines and LSD can leave a person feeling paranoid and anxious. Correlations of mental disorders with drug use include cannabis, alcohol, and caffeine.