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A fixation disparity is not constant within a certain observer, but can vary depending on the viewing conditions. If test prisms with increasing amount are placed in front of the observer’s eyes, the fixation disparity changes in the eso direction with base-in prisms and in the exo direction with base-out prisms (Fig. 3).
From left to right: an accommodative fixation stick, a vertical prism bar, and a horizontal prism bar. The PFR involves placing a prism bar in front of an eye. In a patient with BSV, a natural shift of the eye occurs. When measuring horizontal fusion ranges, base in prisms assess fusional divergence while base out prisms assess fusional ...
Exophoria is a tendency of the eyes to deviate outward, usually mild and with fusion possible. It can be caused by refractive errors, divergence excess, or convergence insufficiency, and is common in infancy and childhood.
The Maddox rod test is a subjective method to measure horizontal and vertical deviations of the eyes, using a red line and a white light. The double Maddox rod test can also assess torsion and cyclotropias, by comparing the angles of two red lines.
Dissociated vertical deviation (DVD) is an eye condition that causes one eye to drift upward spontaneously or after being covered. It is often associated with squints and can be diagnosed and treated by ophthalmologists.
Convergence insufficiency is a binocular vision disorder that affects the ability of the eyes to turn towards each other. It can cause symptoms such as double vision, eye strain, headache, and difficulty reading. Learn about the diagnosis, treatment, and prevalence of convergence insufficiency.
Exotropia is a form of strabismus where the eyes are deviated outward, causing crossed diplopia and loss of binocular vision. Learn about the signs, symptoms, causes, and treatment options for exotropia, such as glasses, patching, exercises, surgery, and vision therapy.
Heterophoria is an eye condition where the eyes are not straight at rest position, but can be aligned by fusion. Learn about the types, signs, symptoms, causes, diagnosis and treatment of heterophoria.