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t. e. In mathematics, summation is the addition of a sequence of numbers, called addends or summands; the result is their sum or total. Beside numbers, other types of values can be summed as well: functions, vectors, matrices, polynomials and, in general, elements of any type of mathematical objects on which an operation denoted "+" is defined.
The sum of the reciprocals of all the Fermat numbers (numbers of the form + ) (sequence A051158 in the OEIS) is irrational. The sum of the reciprocals of the pronic numbers (products of two consecutive integers) (excluding 0) is 1 (see Telescoping series).
Commutativity: for all natural numbers a and b, a + b = b + a and a × b = b × a. [52] Existence of identity elements: for every natural number a, a + 0 = a and a × 1 = a. If the natural numbers are taken as "excluding 0", and "starting at 1", then for every natural number a, a × 1 = a. However, the "existence of additive identity element ...
The natural sum and natural product operations on ordinals were defined in 1906 by Gerhard Hessenberg, and are sometimes called the Hessenberg sum (or product) (Sierpiński 1958). The natural sum of α and β is often denoted by α ⊕ β or α # β, and the natural product by α ⊗ β or α ⨳ β. The natural sum and product are defined as ...
Waring's problem asks whether for every natural number k there exists an associated positive integer s such that every natural number is the sum of at most sk th powers of natural numbers. The successive powers of the golden ratio φ obey the Fibonacci recurrence: φ n + 1 = φ n + φ n − 1 . {\displaystyle \varphi ^{n+1}=\varphi ^{n}+\varphi ...
There are two popular ways to define the sum of two natural numbers a and b. If one defines natural numbers to be the cardinalities of finite sets, (the cardinality of a set is the number of elements in the set), then it is appropriate to define their sum as follows: Let N(S) be the cardinality of a set S.
Zeckendorf's theorem. The first 89 natural numbers in Zeckendorf form. Each rectangle has a Fibonacci number Fj as width (blue number in the center) and Fj−1 as height. The vertical bands have width 10. In mathematics, Zeckendorf's theorem, named after Belgian amateur mathematician Edouard Zeckendorf, is a theorem about the representation of ...
A sum-product number in a given number base is a natural number that is equal to the product of the sum of its digits and the product of its digits. There are a finite number of sum-product numbers in any given base . In base 10, there are exactly four sum-product numbers (sequence A038369 in the OEIS): 0, 1, 135, and 144.