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  2. Richter scale - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richter_scale

    The Richter scale [1] (/ ˈ r ɪ k t ər /), also called the Richter magnitude scale, Richter's magnitude scale, and the Gutenberg–Richter scale, [2] is a measure of the strength of earthquakes, developed by Charles Richter in collaboration with Beno Gutenberg, and presented in Richter's landmark 1935 paper, where he called it the "magnitude scale". [3]

  3. Seismic magnitude scales - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales

    Seismic magnitude scales are used to describe the overall strength or "size" of an earthquake. These are distinguished from seismic intensity scales that categorize the intensity or severity of ground shaking (quaking) caused by an earthquake at a given location. Magnitudes are usually determined from measurements of an earthquake's seismic ...

  4. Beaufort scale - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort_scale

    where v is the equivalent wind speed at 10 metres above the sea surface and B is Beaufort scale ... 7–10 knots 8–12 mph 12–19 km/h 3.4–5.4 m/s 2–4 ft 0.6 ...

  5. Magic square - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_square

    For n = 3, 5, and 7, this will give 8, 1152, and 1,036,800 different magic squares, respectively. Dividing by 8 to neglect equivalent squares due to rotation and reflections, we obtain 1, 144, and 129,600 essentially different magic squares, respectively. As another example, the construction of 5×5 magic square is given.

  6. Time signature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_signature

    Most time signatures consist of two numerals, one stacked above the other: The lower numeral indicates the note value that the signature is counting. This number is always a power of 2 (unless the time signature is irrational), usually 2, 4 or 8, but less often 16 is also used, usually in Baroque music. 2 corresponds to the half note (minim), 4 to the quarter note (crotchet), 8 to the eighth ...

  7. List of musical scales and modes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_musical_scales_and...

    (0,1,3,4,6,8,10) 7: diminished: whole tone — Augmented scale: Augmented scale on C. ... Miyako-bushi scale on D, equivalent to in scale on D, with brackets on fourths.

  8. TNT equivalent - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNT_equivalent

    TNT equivalent is a convention for expressing energy, typically used to describe the energy released in an explosion. The ton of TNT is a unit of energy defined by convention to be 4.184 gigajoules (1 gigacalorie), [1] which is the approximate energy released in the detonation of a metric ton (1,000 kilograms) of TNT.

  9. Academic grading in the United States - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_grading_in_the...

    A-plusses, if given, are usually assigned a value of 4.0 (equivalent to an A) due to the common assumption that a 4.00 is the best possible grade-point average, although 4.33 is awarded at some institutions. In some places, .25 or .3 instead of .33 is added for a plus grade and subtracted for a minus grade.