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12. “The law is reason, free from passion.” 13. “The aim of the wise is not to secure pleasure, but to avoid pain.” 14. “We can do noble acts without ruling the earth and sea.”
Courage is “moderation or observance of the mean with respect to feelings of fear and confidence.” Courage is “observance of the mean with regard to things that excite confidence or fear, under the circumstances which we have specified, and chooses its course and sticks to its post because it is noble to do so, or because it is ...
Aristotle notes that the term courage is sometimes misapplied to five other types of character: [1]: III.8 (1116a–1117a) Hektor, the Trojan hero. Aristotle questions his courage. Citizen-soldiers who display a quasi-courage that is motivated by penalties for disobedience, by hope of honors, or by fear of shame when caught acting cowardly. [49]
Courage (andreia) can be defined as the ability to conquer fear within oneself when action is necessary. It encompasses military confidence, a deep understanding of warfare, and maintaining unwavering beliefs in the face of challenges. It involves self-discipline to overcome fear, obeying wisdom, and facing death boldly.
Aristotle analyzed the golden mean in the Nicomachean Ethics Book II: That virtues of character can be described as means. It was subsequently emphasized in Aristotelian virtue ethics . [ 1 ] For example, in the Aristotelian view, courage is a virtue , but if taken to excess would manifest as recklessness , and, in deficiency, cowardice .
Much like other philosophers at that time, Epictetus’ quotes about life, philosophy and more are plentiful due to historical documentations and his association with Marcus Aurelius.
Aristotle restricts the sphere of temperance to bodily pleasures, and defines temperance as "a mean with regard to pleasures," [3]: III.10 distinct from self-indulgence. Like courage, temperance is a virtue concerning our discipline of "the irrational parts of our nature" (fear, in the case of courage; desire, in the case of temperance). [3]:
The fact that it cannot easily be classified may indeed be one of the reasons why Aristotle usually leaves it out of his standard list of change.” Frede 290 [ 1 ] “Aristotle first of all shows that mixture must be a process sui generis and not identical with generation and corruption, nor with any of the other kinds of change that he had ...