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Using the usual notations for a triangle (see the figure at the upper right), where a, b, c are the lengths of the three sides, A, B, C are the vertices opposite those three respective sides, α, β, γ are the corresponding angles at those vertices, s is the semiperimeter, that is, s = a + b + c / 2 , and r is the radius of the inscribed circle, the law of cotangents states that
for the definition of the principal values of the inverse hyperbolic tangent and cotangent. In these formulas, the argument of the logarithm is real if and only if z is real. For artanh, this argument is in the real interval (−∞, 0], if z belongs either to (−∞, −1] or to [1, ∞).
In mathematics, the values of the trigonometric functions can be expressed approximately, as in (/), or exactly, as in (/) = /.While trigonometric tables contain many approximate values, the exact values for certain angles can be expressed by a combination of arithmetic operations and square roots.
The above formula is known as the shoelace formula or the surveyor's formula. If we locate the vertices in the complex plane and denote them in counterclockwise sequence as a = x A + y A i , b = x B + y B i , and c = x C + y C i , and denote their complex conjugates as a ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {a}}} , b ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {b}}} , and c ...
Even with a calculator or computer, round-off errors make it advisable to use the sin 2 formula for small θ. Another historical advantage of the versine is that it is always non-negative, so its logarithm is defined everywhere except for the single angle ( θ = 0, 2 π , …) where it is zero—thus, one could use logarithmic tables for ...
Basis of trigonometry: if two right triangles have equal acute angles, they are similar, so their corresponding side lengths are proportional.. In mathematics, the trigonometric functions (also called circular functions, angle functions or goniometric functions) [1] are real functions which relate an angle of a right-angled triangle to ratios of two side lengths.
Spaces within a formula must be directly managed (for example by including explicit hair or thin spaces). Variable names must be italicized explicitly, and superscripts and subscripts must use an explicit tag or template. Except for short formulas, the source of a formula typically has more markup overhead and can be difficult to read.
Microsoft Math was originally released as a bundled part of Microsoft Student. It was then available as a standalone paid version starting with version 3.0. For version 4.0, it was released as a free downloadable product [4] and was called Microsoft Mathematics 4.0.