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Phenylglycine is the organic compound with the formula C 6 H 5 CH(NH 2)CO 2 H. It is a non-proteinogenic alpha amino acid related to alanine, but with a phenyl group in place of the methyl group. It is a white solid. The compound exhibits some biological activity. [1]
A bone growth factor is a growth factor that stimulates the growth of bone tissue. [1] [2]Known bone growth factors include insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs ...
An osteocyte, an oblate shaped type of bone cell with dendritic processes, is the most commonly found cell in mature bone. It can live as long as the organism itself. [1] The adult human body has about 42 billion of them. [2] Osteocytes do not divide and have an average half life of 25 years.
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a group of growth factors also known as cytokines and as metabologens. [1] Professor Marshall Urist and Professor Hari Reddi discovered their ability to induce the formation of bone and cartilage, BMPs are now considered to constitute a group of pivotal morphogenetic signals, orchestrating tissue architecture throughout the body.
A growth factor is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cell proliferation, wound healing, and occasionally cellular differentiation. [1] Usually it is a secreted protein or a steroid hormone .
In terms of tissue type, the body may be analyzed into water, fat, connective tissue, muscle, bone, etc. In terms of cell type, the body contains hundreds of different types of cells, but notably, the largest number of cells contained in a human body (though not the largest mass of cells) are not human cells, but bacteria residing in the normal ...
Bone tissue is a dynamic system with active metabolism. [24] Bone tissue remodelling or bone remodeling is a successive chain of old bone matrix removal and its replacement with a new one. [25] These processes make a child’s skeleton grow and extend, while childhood is characterized by bone tissue growth rather than its resorption.
Sox9 blocked osteochondroprogenitor cells were found to express osteoblast marker genes, reprogramming the cells into the osteoblastic lineage. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Loss of TGF-β signalling will lead to reduced Sox9 activity, but not prevent it completely, suggesting that there must be other factors and signalling pathways regulating Sox9 activity.