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In natural language processing, a word embedding is a representation of a word. The embedding is used in text analysis . Typically, the representation is a real-valued vector that encodes the meaning of the word in such a way that the words that are closer in the vector space are expected to be similar in meaning. [ 1 ]
In practice however, BERT's sentence embedding with the [CLS] token achieves poor performance, often worse than simply averaging non-contextual word embeddings. SBERT later achieved superior sentence embedding performance [8] by fine tuning BERT's [CLS] token embeddings through the usage of a siamese neural network architecture on the SNLI dataset.
Cross-language explicit semantic analysis (CL-ESA) is a multilingual generalization of ESA. [9] CL-ESA exploits a document-aligned multilingual reference collection (e.g., again, Wikipedia) to represent a document as a language-independent concept vector.
The word embedding approach is able to capture multiple different degrees of similarity between words. Mikolov et al. (2013) [26] found that semantic and syntactic patterns can be reproduced using vector arithmetic. Patterns such as "Man is to Woman as Brother is to Sister" can be generated through algebraic operations on the vector ...
Semantic spaces [note 1] [1] in the natural language domain aim to create representations of natural language that are capable of capturing meaning. The original motivation for semantic spaces stems from two core challenges of natural language: Vocabulary mismatch (the fact that the same meaning can be expressed in many ways) and ambiguity of natural language (the fact that the same term can ...
An embedding, or a smooth embedding, is defined to be an immersion that is an embedding in the topological sense mentioned above (i.e. homeomorphism onto its image). [ 4 ] In other words, the domain of an embedding is diffeomorphic to its image, and in particular the image of an embedding must be a submanifold .
semantic data integration, and; taxonomies/classification. Given a question, semantic technologies can directly search topics, concepts, associations that span a vast number of sources. Semantic technologies provide an abstraction layer above existing IT technologies that enables bridging and interconnection of data, content, and processes.
fastText is a library for learning of word embeddings and text classification created by Facebook's AI Research (FAIR) lab. [3] [4] [5] [6] The model allows one to ...