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The effective address for a PC-relative instruction address is the offset parameter added to the address of the next instruction. This offset is usually signed to allow reference to code both before and after the instruction. [12]
An offset is not always relative to the base address of the module, for example: If you have a class and you want to retrieve the "color" attribute of this class, the offset may be 0x0100, but this offset has to be added to the offset of the class itself, not the base address. If the class' offset is 0xFF881 and the base address is 0x0A100 ...
The invention of dynamic address translation (the function provided by an MMU) originally reduced the need for position-independent code because every process could have its own independent address space (range of addresses). However, multiple simultaneous jobs using the same code created a waste of physical memory.
In the x86 assembly language, the JMP instruction performs an unconditional jump. Such an instruction transfers the flow of execution by changing the program counter.There are a number of different opcodes that perform a jump; depending on whether the processor is in real mode or protected mode, and an override instruction is used, the instructions may take 16-bit, 32-bit, or segment:offset ...
The segment address is always added to a 16-bit offset in the instruction to yield a linear address, which is the same as physical address in this mode. For instance, the segmented address 06EFh:1234h (here the suffix "h" means hexadecimal ) has a segment selector of 06EFh, representing a segment address of 06EF0h, to which the offset is added ...
8+: <0–3 bytes padding>, defaultbyte1, defaultbyte2, defaultbyte3, defaultbyte4, npairs1, npairs2, npairs3, npairs4, match-offset pairs... key → a target address is looked up from a table using a key and execution continues from the instruction at that address lor 81 1000 0001 value1, value2 → result bitwise OR of two longs lrem 71 0111 0001
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branching to an address made up of the base address of the branch table plus the just generated offset. This sometimes involves an addition of the offset onto the program counter register (unless, in some instruction sets, the branch instruction allows an extra index register). This final address usually points to one of a sequence of ...