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Histamine is involved in the inflammatory response and has a central role as a mediator of itching. [6] As part of an immune response to foreign pathogens, histamine is produced by basophils and by mast cells found in nearby connective tissues.
[28] [29] It is the same immune response that is responsible for allergic inflammation more generally, and includes effectors beyond mast cells. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] In this response, mast cells are known to release significant quantities of IL-4 and IL-13 along with mast cell chymase 1 ( CMA1 ), which is considered to help expel some worms by ...
Degranulation in mast cells is part of an inflammatory response, and substances such as histamine are released. Granules from mast cells mediate processes such as "vasodilation, vascular homeostasis, innate and adaptive immune responses, angiogenesis, and venom detoxification."
Inflammation is a generic response, and therefore is considered a mechanism of innate immunity, whereas adaptive immunity is specific to each pathogen. [2] Inflammation is a protective response involving immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators. The function of inflammation is to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, clear out ...
The enzyme histidine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.22, HDC) is transcribed on chromosome 15, region q21.1-21.2, and catalyzes the decarboxylation of histidine to form histamine.In mammals, histamine is an important biogenic amine with regulatory roles in neurotransmission, gastric acid secretion and immune response.
The inflammatory response is characterized by the following symptoms: ... Histamine dilates blood vessels, ... but may also damage tissue during an allergic reaction ...
A summary of the pathophysiology of a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction. Type I hypersensitivity can be further classified into immediate and late-phase reactions. Within minutes of exposure to an antigen, the immediate hypersensitivity occurs, releasing histamines and lipid mediators which are responsible for the initial allergic reaction response.
The C3a, C4a and C5a components are referred to as anaphylatoxins: [4] [5] they cause smooth muscle contraction, vasodilation, histamine release from mast cells, and enhanced vascular permeability. [5] They also mediate chemotaxis, inflammation, and generation of cytotoxic oxygen radicals. [5]