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Porphyromonas gingivalis belongs to the phylum Bacteroidota and is a nonmotile, Gram-negative, rod-shaped, anaerobic, pathogenic bacterium. It forms black colonies on blood agar. It is found in the oral cavity, where it is implicated in periodontal disease, [1] as well as in the upper gastrointestinal tract, the respiratory tract, and the colon.
Periodontal pathogens are bacteria that have been shown to significantly contribute to periodontitis.. Dental plaque, the precursor of periodontal disease, is a complex biofilm consisting mainly of bacteria, but also archaea, protozoa, fungi and viruses.
Periodontal disease typically arises from the development of plaque biofilm, which harbors harmful bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola. These bacteria infect the gum tissue surrounding the teeth, leading to inflammation and, if left untreated, progressive damage to the teeth and gum tissue. [9]
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative anaerobe associated with the pathogenicity of periodontal disease, [10] and aggressive periodontitis is no exception. Greater numbers of both Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans were found in active, destructive periodontal lesions in comparison to non-active sites. [10]
Porphyromonas have been isolated from manmade and naturally occurring environments. Most of these species have been detected in manmade environments, including transportation systems, healthcare settings, and indoor facilities; Porphyromonas persist in naturally occurring environments such as air, soil, seawater, freshwater, agricultural sites, and alpine meadows to a lesser extent.
Chronic periodontitis is initiated by Gram-negative tooth-associated microbial biofilms that elicit a host response, which results in bone and soft tissue destruction. In response to endotoxin derived from periodontal pathogens, several osteoclast-related mediators target the destruction of alveolar bone and supporting connective tissue such as the periodontal ligament.
Necrotizing gingivitis: painful, bleeding, sloughing ulceration and loss of the interdental papillae (usually of the lower front teeth) Necrotizing gingivitis, is a common, non-contagious infection of the gums.
The red complex is a group of bacteria that are categorized together based on their association with severe forms of periodontal disease. [1] The red complex—among a number of other complexes—were classified by Sigmund Socransky in 1998.