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Map of NATO enlargement (1952–present). The history of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) begins in the immediate aftermath of World War II.In 1947, the United Kingdom and France signed the Treaty of Dunkirk and the United States set out the Truman Doctrine, the former to defend against a potential German attack and the latter to counter Soviet expansion.
Three of NATO's members are nuclear weapons states: France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. NATO has 12 original founding member states. Three more members joined between 1952 and 1955, and a fourth joined in 1982. Since the end of the Cold War, NATO has added 16 more members from 1999 to 2024. [1]
NATO invited North Macedonia to begin membership talks on 11 July 2018; [83] formal accession talks began on 18 October 2018. [84] NATO's members signed North Macedonia's accession protocol on 6 February 2019. [85] Most countries ratified the accession treaty in 2019, with Spain ratifying its accession protocol in March 2020. [86]
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The United States was the first nation to develop the hydrogen bomb, testing an experimental prototype in 1952 ("Ivy Mike") and a deployable weapon in 1954 ("Castle Bravo"). Throughout the Cold War it continued to modernize and enlarge its nuclear arsenal, but from 1992 on has been involved primarily in a program of stockpile stewardship .
The alliance has morphed in focus since 1949, when it was founded as a military and political bulwark against the then-Soviet Union. After that communist empire collapsed in 1991, NATO's widening ...
Article 5 has been invoked only once in NATO history, after the September 11 attacks on the United States in 2001. [51] [52] The invocation was confirmed on 4 October 2001, when NATO determined that the attacks were indeed eligible under the terms of the North Atlantic Treaty. [53]
The sternly worded final communiqué, approved by the 32 NATO members at their summit in Washington, makes clear that China is becoming a focus of the military alliance. NATO allies call China a ...