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Bladder cancer is much more common in men than women; around 1.1% of men and 0.27% of women develop bladder cancer. [2] This makes bladder cancer the sixth most common cancer in men, and the seventeenth in women. [58] When women are diagnosed with bladder cancer, they tend to have more advanced disease and consequently a poorer prognosis. [58]
It is a very common finding in bladder biopsies and cystectomies, and most often found in the trigone area. Cystitis glandularis lesions are usually present as small microscopic foci; however, occasionally it can form raised intramucosal or polypoid lesions. The cystitis glandularis lesions are within the submucosa.
It accounts for 95% of bladder cancer cases and bladder cancer is in the top 10 most common malignancy disease in the world and is associated with approximately 200,000 deaths per year in the US. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It is the second most common type of kidney cancer , but accounts for only five to 10 percent of all primary renal malignant tumors. [ 4 ]
PUNLMPs are exophytic lesions that appear friable to the naked eye and when imaged during cystoscopy. They are definitively diagnosed after removal by microscopic examination by pathologists. [citation needed] Histologically, they have a papillary architecture with slender fibro vascular cores and rare basal mitoses. The papillae rarely fuse ...
Congestion, thickening, irregularity, multiple nodules, or an exophytic polypoidal mass can all be seen in the bladder mucosa. [10] Since cystitis cystica usually has inconclusive cystoscopic and radiological features, a concurrent biopsy is usually done on both the lesion and the mucosal changes. [11]
Cystoscopy has similar indications in animals, including visualisation and biopsy of mucosa, retrieval or destruction of urinary bladder stones and diagnosis of ectopic ureters. [9] [10] [11] In turtle and tortoises, cystoscopy has additional value as it permits the visualisation of internal organs due to the thin urinary bladder wall. [12]
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