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Four motor symptoms are considered cardinal signs in PD: slowness of movement (bradykinesia), tremor, rigidity, and postural instability. [1] Typical for PD is an initial asymmetric distribution of these symptoms, where in the course of the disease, a gradual progression to bilateral symptoms develops, although some asymmetry usually persists.
Non-motor symptoms like depression and anxiety are often experienced years before a Parkinson’s disease diagnosis. 62-year-old Veronica Brown shares her journey with Parkinson’s disease.
Parkinson's typically manifests in individuals over 60, with about one percent affected. In those younger than 50, it is termed "early-onset PD". No cure for Parkinson's is known, and treatment focuses on alleviating symptoms. Initial treatment typically includes L-DOPA, MAO-B inhibitors, or dopamine agonists.
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GI symptoms can occur up to 20 years prior to the onset of clinical motor symptoms. [10] [7] The potential involvement of the gut in PD was first suggested over 200 years ago by James Parkinson, who describes PD as “a disordered state of the stomach and bowels (that) may induce a morbid action in a part of the medulla spinalis”. [11]
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Parkinson-plus syndromes are usually more rapidly progressive and less likely to respond to antiparkinsonian medication than PD. [10] [11] However, the additional features of the diseases may respond to medications not used in PD. [citation needed] Current therapy for Parkinson-plus syndromes is centered around a multidisciplinary treatment of ...
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