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Although the direction indicated by "proximal" and "distal" is always respectively towards or away from the point of attachment, a given structure can be either proximal or distal in relation to another point of reference. Thus the elbow is distal to a wound on the upper arm, but proximal to a wound on the lower arm. [20]
In the foot, the distal phalanges are flat on their dorsal surface. It is largest proximally and tapers to the distal end. The proximal part of the phalanx presents a broad base for articulation with the middle phalanx, and an expanded distal extremity for the support of the nail and end of the toe. [10]: 6b. 3.
The foot structures are divided into segments from proximal to distal and are grouped according to similarity in shape, dimension and function. In this approach, the foot may be described in three segments: as the hindfoot, midfoot and forefoot. The hindfoot is the most proximal and posterior portion of the foot. [22]
The interphalangeal joints of the foot are the joints between the phalanx bones of the toes in the feet. Since the great toe only has two phalanx bones ( proximal and distal phalanges), it only has one interphalangeal joint, which is often abbreviated as the " IP joint ".
These fractures are sometimes called march fractures, based on their traditional association with military recruits after long marches. The second and third metatarsals are fixed while walking, thus these metatarsals are common sites of injury. The fifth metatarsal may be fractured if the foot is oversupinated during locomotion. [9]
The direction of terms are opposite to those in the foot because of embryological rotation of the limbs in opposite directions. [10] Palmarflexion is flexion of the wrist towards the palm and ventral side of forearm. [30] Dorsiflexion is hyperextension of the wrist joint, towards the dorsal side of forearm. [30]
Proximal and distal, which describe a position that is closer to (proximal) or farther from (distal) the trunk of the body. [1] For example, the shoulder is proximal to the arm, and the foot is distal to the knee. Superficial and deep, which describe structures that are closer to (superficial) or farther from (deep) the surface of the body.
Left: toes adducted (pulled towards the center) and spread (abducted); right, both feet clenched (plantar flexed) The upper foot is clenching (plantarflexing) at the MTP joints and at the joints of the toes; the central foot is lifting the toes (dorsiflexing) at the MTP joints; and the foot flat on the ground off to the side is in a neutral ...