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The depth predicted by the square root of seafloor age found by the 1974 cooling mantle derivation [4] is too deep for seafloor older than 80 million years. [5] Depth is better explained by a cooling lithosphere plate model rather than the cooling mantle half-space. [5] The plate has a constant temperature at its base and spreading edge.
Depth is better explained by a cooling lithosphere plate model rather than the cooling mantle half-space. [27] The plate has a constant temperature at its base and spreading edge. Analysis of depth versus age and depth versus square root of age data allowed Parsons and Sclater [27] to estimate model parameters (for the North Pacific):
Marine geological studies were of extreme importance in providing the critical evidence for sea floor spreading and plate tectonics in the years following World War II. The deep ocean floor is the last essentially unexplored frontier and detailed mapping in support of economic ( petroleum and metal mining ), natural disaster mitigation, and ...
Marine sediment, or ocean sediment, or seafloor sediment, are deposits of insoluble particles that have accumulated on the seafloor.These particles either have their origins in soil and rocks and have been transported from the land to the sea, mainly by rivers but also by dust carried by wind and by the flow of glaciers into the sea, or they are biogenic deposits from marine organisms or from ...
The surface gravitational field provides information on the dynamics of tectonic plates. The geopotential surface called the geoid is one definition of the shape of the Earth. The geoid would be the global mean sea level if the oceans were in equilibrium and could be extended through the continents (such as with very narrow canals). [12]
The environmental impact of deep sea mining is controversial. [39] [40] Environmental advocacy groups such as Greenpeace and the Deep Sea Mining Campaign [41] claimed that seabed mining has the potential to damage deep sea ecosystems and spread pollution from heavy metal-laden plumes. [42] Critics have called for moratoria [43] [44] or ...
Where the plates meet, their relative motion determines the type of plate boundary (or fault): convergent, divergent, or transform. The relative movement of the plates typically ranges from zero to 10 cm annually. Faults tend to be geologically active, experiencing earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation.
Oceanography (from Ancient Greek ὠκεανός (ōkeanós) 'ocean' and γραφή (graphḗ) 'writing'), also known as oceanology, sea science, ocean science, and marine science, is the scientific study of the ocean, including its physics, chemistry, biology, and geology.