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  2. RNA interference - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_interference

    The left plant is wild-type; the right plants contain transgenes that induce suppression of both transgene and endogenous gene expression, giving rise to the unpigmented white areas of the flower. [187] The process of RNAi was referred to as "co-suppression" and "quelling" when observed prior to the knowledge of an RNA-related mechanism.

  3. Transcription (biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(biology)

    In bacteria, there is one general RNA transcription factor known as a sigma factor. RNA polymerase core enzyme binds to the bacterial general transcription (sigma) factor to form RNA polymerase holoenzyme and then binds to a promoter. [6] (RNA polymerase is called a holoenzyme when sigma subunit is attached to the core enzyme which is consist ...

  4. Telomeric repeat–containing RNA - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomeric_repeat...

    TERRA is an evolutionarily conserved long-non-coding RNA found in many nucleus-containing eukaryotic cells such as chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus), [1] humans (Homo sapiens), budding yeast (Schizosaccharomyces cerevisiae), fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe), mice (Mus musculus), zebrafish (Danio rerio), and various plants (Arabidopsis thaliana, et cetera).

  5. Transcriptional regulation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcriptional_regulation

    Several cell function specific transcription factor proteins (in 2018 Lambert et al. indicated there were about 1,600 transcription factors in a human cell [41]) generally bind to specific motifs on an enhancer [22] and a small combination of these enhancer-bound transcription factors, when brought close to a promoter by a DNA loop, govern the ...

  6. Abortive initiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortive_initiation

    Abortive initiation is a normal process of transcription and occurs both in vitro and in vivo. [2] After each nucleotide-addition step in initial transcription, RNA polymerase, stochastically, can proceed on the pathway toward promoter escape (productive initiation) or can release the RNA product and revert to the RNA polymerase-promoter open complex (abortive initiation).

  7. RNA polymerase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase

    In bacteria, termination of RNA transcription can be rho-dependent or rho-independent. The former relies on the rho factor, which destabilizes the DNA-RNA heteroduplex and causes RNA release. [22] The latter, also known as intrinsic termination, relies on a palindromic region of DNA. Transcribing the region causes the formation of a "hairpin ...

  8. Silencer (genetics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silencer_(genetics)

    RNA is similar to DNA, except that RNA contains uracil, instead of thymine, which forms a base pair with adenine. An important region for the activity of gene repression and expression found in RNA is the 3' untranslated region. This is a region on the 3' terminus of RNA that will not be translated to protein but includes many regulatory regions.

  9. Gene delivery - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_delivery

    The bacteria uses conjugation to transfer a DNA segment called T-DNA from its plasmid into the plant. The transferred DNA is piloted to the plant cell nucleus and integrated into the host plants genomic DNA.The plasmid T-DNA is integrated semi-randomly into the genome of the host cell. [23] By modifying the plasmid to express the gene of ...