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For H 0 ~ 75 (km/s)/Mpc, the inverse of H 0 is 13.0 billion years; so after 1958 the Big Bang model age was comfortably older than the Earth. However, in the 1960s and onwards, new developments in the theory of stellar evolution enabled age estimates for large star clusters called globular clusters : these generally gave age estimates of around ...
This is significant, since before the cosmological constant became generally accepted, the Big Bang model had difficulty explaining why globular clusters in the Milky Way appeared to be far older than the age of the universe as calculated from the Hubble parameter and a matter-only universe.
The earliest galaxies that have been observed, around from 330 million years after the Big Bang, or 13.4 billion years ago (redshift of z=13.2), have few elements heavier than hydrogen (metal poor) and show spectroscopic evidence of being surrounded by neutral hydrogen as expected.
Research offers fresh explanation for advanced level of development seen in ancient galaxies ‘Impossible early galaxies’ suggest universe may be billions of years older than previously thought ...
2013 – The galaxy Z8 GND 5296 is confirmed by spectroscopy to be one of the most distant galaxies found up to this time. Formed just 700 million years after the Big Bang, expansion of the universe has carried it to its current location, about 13 billion light years away from Earth (30 billion light years comoving distance). [18]
A1689B11 is an extremely old spiral galaxy located in the Abell 1689 galaxy cluster in the Virgo constellation. [21] A1689B11 is 11 billion light years from the Earth, forming 2.6 billion years after the Big Bang. [22] [23]
The Stelliferous Era, is defined as, "6 < n < 14". This is the current era, in which matter is arranged in the form of stars, galaxies, and galaxy clusters, and most energy is produced in stars. Stars will be the most dominant objects of the universe in this era. Massive stars use up their fuel very rapidly, in as little as a few million years.
For comparisons with the light travel distance of the astronomical objects listed below, the age of the universe since the Big Bang is currently estimated as 13.787±0.020 Gyr. [1] Distances to remote objects, other than those in nearby galaxies, are nearly always inferred by measuring the cosmological redshift of their light. By their nature ...