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  2. Carbohydrate conformation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate_conformation

    The chair conformation of six-membered rings have a dihedral angle of 60° between adjacent substituents thus usually making it the most stable conformer. Since there are two possible chair conformation steric and stereoelectronic effects such as the anomeric effect, 1,3-diaxial interactions, dipoles and intramolecular hydrogen bonding must be taken into consideration when looking at relative ...

  3. Structure validation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_validation

    Structure validation concept: model of a protein (each ball is an atom), and magnified region with electron density data and 3 bright flags for problems. Macromolecular structure validation is the process of evaluating reliability for 3-dimensional atomic models of large biological molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids.

  4. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of carbohydrates

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance...

    Typical 1 H NMR chemical shifts of carbohydrate ring protons are 3–6 ppm (4.5–5.5 ppm for anomeric protons). Typical 13 C NMR chemical shifts of carbohydrate ring carbons are 60–110 ppm In the case of simple mono- and oligosaccharide molecules, all proton signals are typically separated from one another (usually at 500 MHz or better NMR ...

  5. Haworth projection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haworth_projection

    A Haworth projection has the following characteristics: [3] Carbon is the implicit type of atom. In the example on the right, the atoms numbered from 1 to 6 are all carbon atoms. Carbon 1 is known as the anomeric carbon. Hydrogen atoms on carbon are implicit. In the example, atoms 1 to 6 have extra hydrogen atoms not depicted.

  6. Protein folding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_folding

    Protein folding is the physical process by which a protein, after synthesis by a ribosome as a linear chain of amino acids, changes from an unstable random coil into a more ordered three-dimensional structure. This structure permits the protein to become biologically functional. [1]

  7. Fischer projection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischer_projection

    In chemistry, the Fischer projection, devised by Emil Fischer in 1891, is a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional organic molecule by projection. Fischer projections were originally proposed for the depiction of carbohydrates and used by chemists, particularly in organic chemistry and biochemistry. The use of Fischer projections ...

  8. Protein secondary structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_secondary_structure

    Protein secondary structure is the local spatial conformation of the polypeptide backbone excluding the side chains. [1] The two most common secondary structural elements are alpha helices and beta sheets , though beta turns and omega loops occur as well.

  9. Pyranose - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyranose

    In the chair and skew conformations, the reference plane should be selected. In the chair conformation, the reference plane is chosen such that the lowest-numbered atom (usually C-1) is exoplanar. In the skew conformation, the plane contains three adjacent atoms and one other with the atom with the lowest possible number exoplanar. [6]