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  2. Carbohydrate conformation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate_conformation

    The chair conformation of six-membered rings have a dihedral angle of 60° between adjacent substituents thus usually making it the most stable conformer. Since there are two possible chair conformation steric and stereoelectronic effects such as the anomeric effect, 1,3-diaxial interactions, dipoles and intramolecular hydrogen bonding must be taken into consideration when looking at relative ...

  3. Haworth projection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haworth_projection

    A Haworth projection has the following characteristics: [3] Carbon is the implicit type of atom. In the example on the right, the atoms numbered from 1 to 6 are all carbon atoms. Carbon 1 is known as the anomeric carbon. Hydrogen atoms on carbon are implicit. In the example, atoms 1 to 6 have extra hydrogen atoms not depicted.

  4. Protein folding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_folding

    Protein folding is the physical process by which a protein, after synthesis by a ribosome as a linear chain of amino acids, changes from an unstable random coil into a more ordered three-dimensional structure. This structure permits the protein to become biologically functional. [1]

  5. Protein secondary structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_secondary_structure

    Protein secondary structure is the local spatial conformation of the polypeptide backbone excluding the side chains. [1] The two most common secondary structural elements are alpha helices and beta sheets , though beta turns and omega loops occur as well.

  6. Structure validation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_validation

    Structure validation concept: model of a protein (each ball is an atom), and magnified region with electron density data and 3 bright flags for problems. Macromolecular structure validation is the process of evaluating reliability for 3-dimensional atomic models of large biological molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids.

  7. Endomembrane system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endomembrane_system

    Those that reach the inside of the endoplasmic reticulum are folded into the correct three-dimensional conformation. Chemicals, such as carbohydrates or sugars, are added, then the endoplasmic reticulum either transports the completed proteins, called secretory proteins, to areas of the cell where they are needed, or they are sent to the Golgi ...

  8. Pyranose - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyranose

    In the chair and skew conformations, the reference plane should be selected. In the chair conformation, the reference plane is chosen such that the lowest-numbered atom (usually C-1) is exoplanar. In the skew conformation, the plane contains three adjacent atoms and one other with the atom with the lowest possible number exoplanar. [6]

  9. Structural bioinformatics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_bioinformatics

    Three-dimensional structure of a protein. Structural bioinformatics is the branch of bioinformatics that is related to the analysis and prediction of the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules such as proteins, RNA, and DNA. It deals with generalizations about macromolecular 3D structures such as comparisons of overall folds ...