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A topographic map of Ngorongoro Crater in northern Tanzania, the world's largest inactive, intact, and unfilled volcanic caldera, which formed when an immense volcano erupted and collapsed on itself 2–3 million years ago. The floor of the caldera is 600 metres (2,000 ft) below its rim and covers more than 260 square kilometres (100 sq mi).
Caldera structure is similar on all of these planetary bodies, though the size varies considerably. The average caldera diameter on Venus is 68 km (42 mi). The average caldera diameter on Io is close to 40 km (25 mi), and the mode is 6 km (3.7 mi); Tvashtar Paterae is likely the largest caldera with a diameter of 290 km (180 mi).
Volcanic calderas that are partially or fully submerged under the water of a larger ocean or lake, sometimes forming a reef, bay or harbor.. Not to be confused with atolls, where a sunken seamount has grown a ring of coral islands surrounding a lagoon.
Firth – Scottish word used for various coastal inlets and straits; Fjard – Glacially formed, broad, shallow inlet; Fjord – Long, narrow inlet with steep sides or cliffs, created by glacial activity; Geo – Inlet, a gully or a narrow and deep cleft in the face of a cliff; Gulf – Large inlet from the ocean into the landmass List of gulfs
Farmer, G.L.; Broxton, D.E.; Warren, R.G.; Pickthorn, W. (1991). "Nd, Sr, and O isotopic variations in metaluminous ash-flow tuffs and related volcanic rocks at the Timber Mountains/Oasis Valley caldera complex, SW Nevada: implications for the origin and evolution of large-volume silicic magma bodies". Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology.
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