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  2. Descartes' rule of signs - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descartes'_rule_of_signs

    Theorem — The number of strictly positive roots (counting multiplicity) of is equal to the number of sign changes in the coefficients of , minus a nonnegative even number. If b 0 > 0 {\displaystyle b_{0}>0} , then we can divide the polynomial by x b 0 {\displaystyle x^{b_{0}}} , which would not change its number of strictly positive roots.

  3. Multiplicity (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicity_(mathematics)

    Graph of x 3 + 2x 2 − 7x + 4 with a simple root (multiplicity 1) at x=−4 and a root of multiplicity 2 at x=1. The graph crosses the x axis at the simple root. It is tangent to the x axis at the multiple root and does not cross it, since the multiplicity is even.

  4. Division by zero - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_by_zero

    A positive or negative number when divided by zero is a fraction with the zero as denominator. Zero divided by a negative or positive number is either zero or is expressed as a fraction with zero as numerator and the finite quantity as denominator. Zero divided by zero is zero. In 830, Mahāvīra unsuccessfully tried to correct the mistake ...

  5. Newton's method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_method

    We can rephrase that as finding the zero of f(x) = cos(x) − x 3. We have f ′ (x) = −sin(x) − 3x 2. Since cos(x) ≤ 1 for all x and x 3 > 1 for x > 1, we know that our solution lies between 0 and 1. A starting value of 0 will lead to an undefined result which illustrates the importance of using a starting point close to the solution.

  6. Integer partition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_partition

    3 + 1 2 + 2 2 + 1 + 1 1 + 1 + 1 + 1. The only partition of zero is the empty sum, having no parts. The order-dependent composition 1 + 3 is the same partition as 3 + 1, and the two distinct compositions 1 + 2 + 1 and 1 + 1 + 2 represent the same partition as 2 + 1 + 1. An individual summand in a partition is called a part.

  7. Rational root theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_root_theorem

    Solutions of the equation are also called roots or zeros of the polynomial on the left side. The theorem states that each rational solution x = p ⁄ q, written in lowest terms so that p and q are relatively prime, satisfies: p is an integer factor of the constant term a 0, and; q is an integer factor of the leading coefficient a n.

  8. Multiplicative inverse - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicative_inverse

    The reciprocal function: y = 1/x.For every x except 0, y represents its multiplicative inverse. The graph forms a rectangular hyperbola.. In mathematics, a multiplicative inverse or reciprocal for a number x, denoted by 1/x or x −1, is a number which when multiplied by x yields the multiplicative identity, 1.

  9. Extraneous and missing solutions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraneous_and_missing...

    This equation is not valid, since one cannot divide by zero. Therefore, the solution x = − 2 {\displaystyle x=-2} is extraneous and not valid, and the original equation has no solution. For this specific example, it could be recognized that (for the value x = − 2 {\displaystyle x=-2} ), the operation of multiplying by ( x − 2 ) ( x + 2 ...